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记忆准确性的认知取向研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
阐述了记忆准确性认知取向的五种理论主要有图示重建理论、模糊痕迹记忆理论、源监控理论、归因取向理论和记忆建构理论;并对这五种理论作了简评。 相似文献
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共有136名藏族和139名汉族青少年参与本实验。研究使用指导语启动方法控制自我概念,把被试随机分到独立取向、互依取向和控制组。之后使用线索词技术,对自传体记忆进行测量,考察自我概念启动对自传体记忆的影响。结果表明,自我概念启动对藏族和汉族青少年的自传体记忆内容描述的自主取向产生了启动效应。自我概念启动对于藏族被试自传体记忆社会事件报告的影响较弱。藏族青少年的自传体记忆与自我概念存在一定程度的分离现象,其自传体记忆的社会性可能更多受到个体的文化建构影响,一定意义上表明自我概念和自传体记忆的联系具有文化差异性。 相似文献
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本研究采用记忆流畅性任务和回忆最早记忆的方式考察了9岁和13岁共60名中国城镇独生儿童的早期记忆特征及各特征之间的关系。结果发现:(1)和西方研究相比,中国儿童回忆最早记忆时更多自发提及他人,尤其是父母。(2)最早记忆年龄与早期记忆数量有显著负相关,最早记忆中关于重要他人的记忆容量、社会取向和道德情绪与早期记忆数量有显著正相关。这些结果说明文化渗透对自传体记忆发生的影响,以及提示无论是最早记忆的质量,还是早期记忆的数量,回忆童年记忆背后可能潜藏着共同机制。 相似文献
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时间性前瞻记忆是指形成和保持一个意向,在一段时间后的某个特定的时间(目标时间)执行.文章通过对时间性前瞻记忆的研究取向、方法和现有理论模型的回顾,总结出该领域中的三个争论焦点. 相似文献
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0引言健忘症病人(amnesicpatients)是人类记忆研究对象的重要组成部分。对其进行研究,一方面可以验证有关正常记忆理论的正确性和适用性,同时其特异性现象还可以促使新理论的产生;另一方面,对其进行研究还可以为临床诊断和治疗提供心理依据。阿尔兹海默氏病患者是健忘症病人中的主要类型,目前对阿尔兹海默氏病患者的研究呈增长趋势。阿尔兹海默氏病(Alzheimer’sdisease),或更准确地称为阿尔兹海默氏型痴呆,是40岁以上人群易患的疾病,由德国神经病理学家AloisAlzheimer于19… 相似文献
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自传体记忆不仅是对过去自我经验的加工和提取,还反映了特定的社会和文化背景。近年来,自传体记忆跨文化研究表明,东西方被试在最早记忆年龄、记忆容量和具体性、内部语言的使用、记忆取向等方面存在差异。文章从自我概念、亲子回忆和叙事方式、社会变迁和文化多元化等角度,探讨了文化自我观对于自传体记忆的核心意义。Nelson和Fivush的社会文化发展观则从发展的角度动态考察了内外因素对自传体记忆产生文化和个体差异的机制。文章还回顾了自传体记忆跨文化研究的主要方法。最后,文章探讨了自传体记忆跨文化及相关领域的研究前景和存在的问题 相似文献
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青少年元记忆能力发展的认知研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
元记忆是个体所具有的与自己的记忆活动有关的信念及监控系统 ,其发展研究包括元记忆知识的习得与发展、元记忆监控能力的发展等。 2 0年来的研究表明 :青少年元记忆能力的发展具有年龄阶段性和关键期 ,年龄和教育训练是其两个重要影响因素。但该领域研究还存在理论概括性不高、被试代表性不强和比较缺乏多因素实验研究等问题。其未来的研究中宜采用多因素实验设计 ,不断提高研究的系统性和生态学效度 相似文献
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本研究通过两个实验探讨了长时记忆联结表征如何影响当下工作记忆任务的加工。长时记忆联结表征采用无语义联系、无视觉相似性的Emoji图片对, 提前一天让被试完成联结表征的建立, 正式工作记忆任务采用独立探测的变化觉察范式。实验1控制呈现时间(500 ms / 1000 ms)与呈现方式(联结/独立), 发现两种呈现时间均显示出联结条件的正确率与记忆容量显著低于独立条件, 说明长时记忆联结表征抑制了当前工作记忆的加工。实验2设置了记忆项目数(2/4/6项)与呈现方式(联结/独立), 采用alpha震荡作为脑电指标, 考察长时联结表征在工作记忆维持阶段的作用。结果发现在维持阶段, 独立条件的alpha震荡随着记忆项目数量的增加而增大(2项 < 4项 < 6项), 而联结条件在4项已经到达顶点(2项 < 4项 = 6项)。实验2进一步说明长时联结表征在维持阶段降低了当前工作记忆容量。本研究的两个实验结果表明, 长时记忆联结表征对当前的工作记忆任务有一定的抑制作用, 这种抑制作用产生的机制可能来自于联结表征干扰了维持阶段的注意分配。 相似文献
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Cynthia C. Flores Mary B. Hargis Shannon McGillivray Michael C. Friedman 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(4):565-573
Ageing typically leads to various memory deficits which results in older adults’ tendency to remember more general information and rely on gist memory. The current study examined if younger and older adults could remember which of two comparable grocery items (e.g., two similar but different jams) was paired with a lower price (the “better buy”). Participants studied lists of grocery items and their prices, in which the two items in each category were presented consecutively (Experiment 1), or separated by intervening items (Experiment 2). At test, participants were asked to identify the “better buy” and recall the price of both items. There were negligible age-related differences for the “better buy” in Experiment 1, but age-related differences were present in Experiment 2 when there were greater memory demands involved in comparing the two items. Together, these findings suggest that when price information of two items can be evaluated and compared within a short period of time, older adults can form stable gist-based memory for prices, but that this is impaired with longer delays. We relate the findings to age-related changes in the use of gist and verbatim memory when remembering prices, as well as the associative deficit account of cognitive ageing. 相似文献
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The aim of this study is to delineate some important circumstances where exceptionally good memory performance, or capacious memory occurs. A further aim is to study memory processes involved in this memory phenomenon. In a first experiment, participants looked through two series of pictures differing in number and were evaluated in two-alternative forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory tasks combined in a process-dissociation procedure. Moreover, participants were asked to provide remember and know responses to tap recollective experience. The results as to forced-choice recognition task accuracy and according to process-dissociation procedure estimates were replicated in a second experiment with a more intrinsic contextual manipulation, and in a third, forgetting experiment. In addition to replicating previous findings, the results show (a) that capacious memory is associated with strong feelings of recollection; and (b) that familiarity (in terms of the process-dissociation framework) contributes to this phenomenon. 相似文献
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Beth Fairfield Nicola Mammarella Alberto Di Domenico Rocco Palumbo 《International journal of psychology》2015,50(2):161-164
This study tested the hypothesis that affective content may undermine rather than facilitate working memory (WM) performance. To this end, participants performed a running WM task with positive, negative and neutral words. In typical running memory tasks, participants are presented with lists of unpredictable length and are asked to recall the last three or four items. We found that accuracy with affective words decreased as lists lengthened, whereas list length did not influence recall of neutral words. We interpreted this pattern of results in terms of a limited resource model of WM in which valence represents additional information that needs to be manipulated, especially in the context of difficult trials. 相似文献
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Abstract: Do memories change as we acquire new information? Recent research on memory distortion using implicit tests along with research using confidence is reviewed and new studies are presented. Two new studies asked misinformed subjects to provide reasons for their answers. In each study 15% to 27% of subjects said they remembered seeing items they had only read about. In another study subjects were asked to identify the source of misleading items they had seen in slides or read in misleading questions. Subjects were more likely to say they had seen in slides something they read about in the questions than they were to confuse information from two nearly identical sets of slides. Recent work shows that, not only is it possible to distort memory for events, it is possible to implant an entire memory for something that never happened. The evidence is now clear that we can become mentally tricked into making large as well as small changes in the way we recall the past. 相似文献
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Celia B. Harris Amanda J. Barnier John Sutton Paul G. Keil Roger A. Dixon 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(8):1148-1159
Two complementary approaches to the study of collaborative remembering have produced contrasting results. In the experimental “collaborative recall” approach within cognitive psychology, collaborative remembering typically results in “collaborative inhibition”: laboratory groups recall fewer items than their estimated potential. In the cognitive ageing approach, collaborative remembering with a partner or spouse may provide cueing and support to benefit older adults’ performance on everyday memory tasks. To combine the value of experimental and cognitive ageing approaches, we tested the effects of collaborative remembering in older, long-married couples who recalled a non-personal word list and a personal semantic list of shared trips. We scored amount recalled as well as the kinds of details remembered. We found evidence for collaborative inhibition across both tasks when scored strictly as number of list items recalled. However, we found collaborative facilitation of specific episodic details on the personal semantic list, details which were not strictly required for the completion of the task. In fact, there was a trade-off between recall of specific episodic details and number of trips recalled during collaboration. We discuss these results in terms of the functions of shared remembering and what constitutes memory success, particularly for intimate groups and for older adults. 相似文献
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Lindsey Lilienthal 《Memory (Hove, England)》2017,25(8):1110-1116
Proactive interference (PI) has been shown to affect working memory (WM) span as well as the predictive utility of WM span measures. However, most of the research on PI has been conducted using verbal memory items, and much less is known about the role of PI in the visuospatial domain. In order to further explore this issue, the present study used a within-subjects manipulation of PI that alternated clusters of trials with verbal and visuospatial to-be-remembered items. Although PI was shown to build and release across trials similarly in the two domains, important differences also were observed. The ability of verbal WM to predict performance on a measure of fluid intelligence was significantly affected by the amount of PI present, consistent with past research, but this proved not to be the case for visuospatial WM. Further, individuals’ susceptibility to PI in one domain was relatively independent of their susceptibility in the other domain, suggesting that, contrary to some theories of executive function, individual differences in PI susceptibility may not be domain-general. 相似文献
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The present study examined the evolution observed in amnesic patients’ use of motor fluency when making recognition memory decisions. In this experiment, 9 patients with amnesia and 18 matched controls were presented with two recognition memory tasks composed of 3 types of items: (1) natural words, (2) nonwords difficult to pronounce, and (3) nonwords easy to pronounce, the latter having been shown to be processed in a surprisingly fluent manner as long as participants can articulate them at a subvocal level (i.e., oral motor fluency). Our results provide evidence that the motor-movement manipulation was successful to induce a fluency effect. More specifically, data revealed that both amnesic patients and control participants showed a pattern of response consistent with the use of fluency as a cue to memory for studied items. However, only control participants relied on fluency to increase their rate of “yes” responses for unstudied items. These results suggest that patients with amnesia set a more conservative response criterion before relying on oral motor fluency, showing a pattern consistent with the idea that fluency is only used as a cue to memory when it exceeds a certain threshold. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptative metacognition strategies implemented by amnesic patients to reduce fluency-based memory errors as well as in terms of the variations that seem to occur in these strategies depending on the type of fluency that is experienced. 相似文献
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Searching for items in one’s environment often includes considerable reliance on semantic knowledge. The present study examines the importance of semantic information in visual and memory search, especially with respect to whether the items reside in long-term or working memory. In Experiment 1, participants engaged in hybrid visual memory search for items that were either highly familiar or novel. Importantly, the relatively large number of targets in this hybrid search task necessitated that targets be stored in some form of long-term memory. We found that search for familiar objects was more efficient than search for novel objects. In Experiment 2, we investigated search for familiar versus novel objects when the number of targets was low enough to be stored in working memory. We also manipulated how often participants in Experiment 2 were required to update their target (every trial vs. every block) in order to control for target templates that were stored in long-term memory as a result of repeated exposure over trials. We found no differences in search efficiency for familiar versus novel objects when templates were stored in working memory. Our results suggest that while semantic information may provide additional individuating features that are useful for object recognition in hybrid search, this information could be irrelevant or even distracting when searching for targets stored in working memory. 相似文献