胃黏膜内pH在多脏器功能障碍综合征监测中的应用进展

组织器官微循环灌注障碍是MODS发生的重要机制,胃肠道是机体最早发生缺血的器官.胃PHi能敏感反映MODS发生过程中胃肠黏膜缺氧情况,对MODS具有预警作用.目前测定PHi方法分盐水张力计法和连续气态张力计法,效果较可靠.本文通过大量查阅文献,结合临床经验,较系统地阐述了pHi在MODS监测中的意义、原理、方法、安全性及应用前景,为及早采取措施,防治MODS提供理论依据和临床参考.     

感染性休克患者血氨基酸浓度变化的研究

本研究观察感染性休克患者血氨基酸浓度的变化及与急性生理学和慢性健康状况评估Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、多器官功能障碍(MODS)评分、血乳酸(Lac)浓度的相关性。纳入38例感染性休克患者,测定入重症加强护理病房(ICU)后氨基酸浓度并记录APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分、血Lac及预后,比较死亡组和存活组的氨基酸浓度。入住ICU后部分氨基酸浓度出现下降或升高,但均在正常范围内。死亡组的亮氨酸、缬氨酸、色氨酸(Trp)、甲硫氨酸(Met)、半胱氨酸、谷氨酸、脯氨酸(Pro)浓度低于存活组;死亡组的苯丙氨酸(Phe)、同型半胱氨酸浓度高于存活组。Met浓度变化与APACHEⅡ、MODS评分呈正相关;Trp浓度变化与MODS评分呈正相关;Phe浓度变化与血Lac呈正相关,Pro浓度变化与血Lac浓度呈负相关。入ICU后,感染性休克患者的血氨基酸浓度出现了不同程度的波动。Met、Trp、Phe、Pro浓度与APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分、血Lac具有相关性。     

重视肠黏膜屏障功能障碍的防治

肠黏膜屏障损伤是严重创伤、感染、手术、休克时常见的病理生理过程,可造成细菌及内毒素移位、肠源性感染,甚至导致全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）及多器官功能不全（MODS）等。因此对肠黏膜屏障功能障碍的认识与防治尤为重要,积极纠正肠屏障功能障碍将有助于提高疗效、改善患者预后。     

外科脓毒症：从科学认识到合理防治

脓毒症(sepsis)是一种严重威胁患者生命的外科危重症,也是诱发脓毒性休克(septic shock)、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的重要原因。基于对脓毒症的病理生理的认识正不断深入,脓毒症的防治水平业已取得重要的进展。深入认识脓毒症,研究新的防治策略,实施正确的治疗,将有助于提高脓毒症的临床治疗水平。     

外科脓毒症:从科学认识到合理防治

脓毒症(sepsis)是一种严重威胁患者生命的外科危重症,也是诱发脓毒性休克(septicshock)、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)的重要原因.基于对脓毒症的病理生理的认识正不断深入,脓毒症的防治水平业已取得重要的进展.深入认识脓毒症,研究新的防治策略,实施正确的治疗,将有助于提高脓毒症的临床治疗水平.     

CD4＋调节性T细胞与多脏器功能障碍综合征免疫功能紊乱

免疫功能紊乱是多脏器功能不全综合征发生的重要原因之一,其机制仍不明了。本文概述CD4＋调节性T细胞在免疫紊乱发生机制中的作用,及其潜在的治疗价值,拓宽MODS的免疫调节治疗的思路。     

CD4+调节性T细胞与多脏器功能障碍综合征免疫功能紊乱

免疫功能紊乱是多脏器功能不全综合征发生的重要原因之一,其机制仍不明了.本文概述CD4+调节性T细胞在免疫紊乱发生机制中的作用,及其潜在的治疗价值,拓宽MODS的免疫调节治疗的思路.     

关于器官移植非优因素的哲学思考

目前器官移植是拯救器官功能衰竭患者较有效的措施,但同种及异种器官移植术中存在的大量非优因素决定了器官移植的局限性和过渡性。本文根据系统自组织理论,从哲学的角度指出：发掘人类器官组织的自组织能力必将是恢复患者衰竭器官功能最优化和最有前途的途径     

《人体器官移植条例》颁布后面临的问题与对策

《人体器官移植条例》规范引导着我国器官移植健康发展,然而,随着《条例》对器官移植供、受者条件的严格限制,尸体供器官数量迅速下降,亲属活体移植逐步占据主导地位,由此引发一系列问题。结合《条例》,就器官来源短缺、保障活体供者安全、亲属活体供者选择和器官移植伦理委员会作用等问题做出较详细的分析,提出解决方法和对策。     

导言：应重视消化系统自身免疫性疾病的诊治

自身免疫性疾病是指机体对自身抗原发生免疫反应而导致自身组织或器官损害所引起的疾病。有10％的人一生可患有这样或那样的该类疾病。根据其发病器官和发病机制的不同分为：（1）器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,其特点为组织器官的病理损害和功能障碍仅限于抗体或致敏淋巴细胞所针对的某一器官,如溃疡性结肠炎（ulcera—tivecolitis,UC）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（primarybiliarycirrhosis,PBC）等;（2）系统性自身免疫性疾病,     

Criticism of "brain death" policy in Japan

The 1997 Japanese organ transplantation law is the fruit of a long debate on "brain death" and organ transplantation, which involved the general public and experts in the relevant fields. The aim of this paper is to trace the history of the implementation of the law and to critique the law in terms of its consistency and fairness. The paper argues that the legislation adopts a double standard regarding the role of the family. On the one hand, the legislation over-emphasizes the family's authority by granting the family a veto on the matter of organ transplantation, while, on the other hand, not allowing the family to make surrogate decisions. In addition, the role of law in cases involving minor or incompetent patients is shown to be similarly misguided. The paper argues that accepting a decisive role for the family in current law is compatible with Japanese culture.     

器官移植道德反思——兼评器官商品化

自从器官移植技术出现以来,器官移植供体的缺乏就成为了制约其发展的瓶颈问题,而脑死亡临床诊断标准的出台为解决这个问题指明了方向。如何为脑死亡立法和器官移植立法寻求合理的道德支持是立足点,也是现代生命伦理学的热点与难点之一。以器官移植的供体来源短缺为切入点,提出了解决有关立法和寻求新的道德资源支持的一些思路与方向,坚决反对通过器官商品化来解决移植供体短缺的问题。     

我国器官移植中供体不足的原因分析及对策

器官移植对于挽救晚期脏器功能衰竭病人的生命具有极其重要的意义,我国器官移植起步较晚,多种因素限制器官移植的发展,其中供体不足是关键因素之一.分析器官移植中供体不足的原因,认为冲破传统观念的束缚,加大宣传力度,加快立法步伐是我国器官移植中供体不足亟待解决的问题.     

我国人体器官移植的社会支持系统研究

供体来源不足严重制约了我国器官移植事业的发展。有鉴于此,建立一个非技术的人体器官移植的社会支持系统对促进我国器官移植事业的发展将具有重要意义。通过对该系统各组成部分如法律法规系统、组织管理系统、宣传教育系统、补偿系统的研究,旨在对我国器官移植事业的发展有所裨益。     

我国大陆、台湾地区《人体器官移植条例》的比较研究

采用条文比较与法理分析方法,对我国大陆和台湾地区的《人体器官移植条例》进行比较,主要就立法目的、立法调整范围、人体器官自愿捐献、禁止人体器官商业交易、医疗机构与人员的准入和退出、违反人体器官移植之规定的法律责任等问题作了探讨与分析。本研究将为我国大陆地区的具体立法探索一些有价值的意见与建议。     

近三十年小儿肾小球疾病治疗的回顾

总结了28年共2453篇有关小儿肾小球疾病治疗的文献,发现其发展规律符合科学的发展观药物的选择趋向于疗效肯定而且毒副作用小的药物,新方法新技术不断涌现,药物疗效的评价日趋合理,药物作用机制从系统、器官水平深入到细胞、分子及基因水平,各学科间的合作与联系增加。     

Searching for a social consensus in the establishment of bioethical norms

Although France has just acquired a third generation bioethics law, the convention on bioethics that was held in the spring of 2009, as well as all the reports drawn up in France with a view to revising the 2004 bioethics law, raise questions about the process by which bioethics norms are formed. This is a consideration of the formation of the norm and its content. As for the formation of the norm, since the early 1980s, it can be seen that in France there has been a study of the place of the bioethic norm in the hierarchy of positive law. While the legislator's intervention was delayed in 1988 (in particular by the Braibant report), 2008 saw questions about the place of the Constitution in the process. Although the rl61e of the legislator emerged consolidated, at the same time the participation of the citizens by means of the convention is seen to be reinforced. The place of agencies, in particular the bioethics agency created in 2004, also has a great impact on the production of norms. Next, as far as the content is concerned, the debates on biomedical ethics for the last 30 years seem curiously to keep raising the same questions (post-mortem insemination, surrogate motherhood, presumed consent to organ donation...). This recurrence is interesting. Why can't France, or rather the French, manage to answer these questions once and for all? While our neighbours, in particular the United Kingdom and Spain, behave more serenely in this area (eg the giving up of anonymity for donated gametes in the UK), France is perpetually questioning, caught between the need to follow the evolution of our neighbours' norms and maintaining our more conservative position. On this point too the Convention and the life of the biomedicine agency make it possible to take stock of French social values which are growing stronger as the years go by. It is then tempting to draw a parallel with the founding texts of the French republic, and particularly the declaration of human rights in 1789 in order to find the place of man.     

肝移植的伦理学问题

肝脏移植和其它器官移植一起实现了人类长期以来渴望生命再生的梦想,并成为终末期肝病的有效治疗方法。器官移植也面对许多伦理道德方面的难题。供体,特别是活体器官的摘取,受体的选择等,都受到社会道德观的制约。从伦理道德角度来分析如何制定相关的法律法规,成为当前社会关注的热点。从受体的利益、人体科研的道德规范以及相关制度的伦理学要求等方面,较为详细的阐述肝移植伦理学的基本原则。     

Reconsidering the dead donor rule: is it important that organ donors be dead?

The "dead donor rule" is increasingly under attack for several reasons. First, there has long been disagreement about whether there is a correct or coherent definition of "death." Second, it has long been clear that the concept and ascertainment of "brain death" is medically flawed. Third, the requirement stands in the way of improving organ supply by prohibiting organ removal from patients who have little to lose--e.g., infants with anencephaly--and from patients who ardently want to donate while still alive--e.g., patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument against abandoning the dead donor rule has been that the rule is important to the general public. There is now data suggesting that this assumption also may be flawed. These findings add additional weight to proposals to abandon the dead donor rule so that organ supply can be expanded in a way that is consistent with traditional notions of ethics, law, public policy, and public opinion.