三位一体——一个现象学家的神学思考

现象学本身不是神学.现象学描写我们的非永久的、总是处于生存和消亡中的现实.但现象学对于神学不是无关痛痒的,不是中立的.正如它对于把相对的生存的诸向面的各种绝对化的做法是一种纠正一样,它也是一种对只在一种我们的生活现实的维度上设定和寻求永恒者的片面做法的纠正.它面对那种单一的灵魂深处的神秘论、那种单一的仁爱形而上学、那种单一的以自然为根基的形而上学,召唤我们回忆起我们生活中这个或那个被其忽略的和遗留下纯粹无常所带来的痛苦的向面.现象学只有从"三位一体"的宗教出发才能有助于拯救我们的整个现实.     

团结互助与人类风险——从非洲角度思考团结互助

何谓团结互助（相互依存）？虽然说,“团结互助观念是我们社会关系的核心,在建设我们社区和促进人道行动的‘共生’状态中具有关键地位”（奥康特,2006：9）,但当我们从非洲角度思考这一观念时,则会遇到一些困难。假如把“非洲的团结互助”看成一种无私行为和独特价值观,便是忽略了当今的社会变化、城乡之间的交流和全球化的影响。     

Cultural psychology, A new look: reply to Bond (2002), Fiske (2002), Kitayama (2002), and Miller (2002)

M. H. Bond (2002), A. P. Fiske (2002), S. Kitayama (2002), and J. G. Miller (2002) joined D. Oyserman, H. M. Coon, and M. Kemmelmeier (2002) in highlighting limitations of the individualism-collectivism model of culture. Concern is warranted; nevertheless, individualism-collectivism helps structure discourse on the influence of culture on the mind. To avoid level-of-analysis entanglements, Oyserman et al. propose an integrative model that includes distal, proximal, and situated cultural features of societies and internalized models of these features, highlights the importance of subjective construal, and uses evolutionary perspectives to clarify the basic problems cultures address. Framed this way, it is clear that, depending on situational requirements, both individualism- and collectivism-focused strategies are adaptive; thus, it is likely that human minds have adapted to think both ways.     

Generalized Rough Sets (Preclusivity Fuzzy-Intuitionistic (BZ) Lattices)

The standard Pawlak approach to rough set theory, as an approximation space consisting of a universe U and an equivalence (indiscernibility) relation R U x U, can be equivalently described by the induced preclusivity ("discernibility") relation U x U \ R, which is irreflexive and symmetric.We generalize the notion of approximation space as a pair consisting of a universe U and a discernibility or preclusivity (irreflexive and symmetric) relation, not necessarily induced from an equivalence relation. In this case the "elementary" sets are not mutually disjoint, but all the theory of generalized rough sets can be developed in analogy with the standard Pawlak approach. On the power set of the universe, the algebraic structure of the quasi fuzzy-intuitionistic "classical" (BZ) lattice is introduced and the sets of all "closed" and of all "open" definable sets with the associated complete (in general nondistributive) ortholattice structures are singled out.The rough approximation of any fixed subset of the universe is the pair consisting of the best "open" approximation from the bottom and the best "closed" approximation from the top. The properties of this generalized rough approximation mapping are studied in the context of quasi-BZ lattice structures of "closed-open" ordered pairs (the "algebraic logic" of generalized rough set theory), comparing the results with the standard Pawlak approach. A particular weak form of rough representation is also studied.     

The Problem(s) of Constituting the Demos: A (Set of) Solution(s)

Ethical Theory and Moral Practice - When collective decisions should be made democratically, which people form the relevant demos? Many theorists think this question is an embarrassment to...     

Object permanence in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and children (Homo sapiens).

Juvenile and adult orangutans (n = 5; Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (n = 7; Pan troglodytes), and 19- and 26-month-old children (n = 24; Homo sapiens) received visible and invisible displacements. Three containers were presented forming a straight line, and a small box was used to displace a reward under them. Subjects received 3 types of displacement: single (the box visited 1 container), double adjacent (the box visited 2 contiguous containers), and double nonadjacent (the box visited 2 noncontiguous containers). All species performed at comparable levels, solving all problems except the invisible nonadjacent displacements. Visible displacements were easier than invisible, and single were easier than double displacements. In a 2nd experiment, subjects saw the baiting of either 2 adjacent or 2 nonadjacent containers with no displacements. All species selected the empty container more often when the baited containers were nonadjacent than when they were adjacent. It is hypothesized that a response bias and inhibition problem were responsible for the poor performance in nonadjacent displacements.     

Codes of Professional Responsibility (2nd Ed.) (Book)

As employee assistance programs (EAPs) have evolved and expanded their scope in the past decade, many factors have contributed to meeting the demands of conflicting client constituencies in a multifaceted client environment. This article enumerates several of these factors, notes consequences of ensuing conflicts, and ultimately proposes some methods to counter some of these ethical dilemmas in the future. It is the hope that greater recognition and understanding of ethical conflicts in client loyalty within a host organization will foster increased sensitivity on the part of the EAP practitioner toward resolving these conflicts.