Changes in Television and Magazine Exposure and Eating Disorder Symptomatology

The relationship between girls' media exposure and their development of eating disorder symptomatology was assessed. At Time 1 and Time 2 (16 months later), participants (N = 374; M age = 12.0) completed a questionnaire that assessed eating disorder sympto-matology and television and fashion magazine exposure. Girls were divided into 3 groups: increased, decreased, or no change in eating disorder symptomatology between Times 1 and 2. Girls with increased symptomatology had significantly increased their exposure to fashion magazines but decreased their number of hours of television viewing. Girls with decreased symptomatology had significantly decreased their exposure to both television and fashion magazines.     

Young and Poor: The Well-Being of Adolescent Girls Living in Families Receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program

We present our findings on the current well-being of 125 adolescent girls living in families receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program (TANF) in terms of their health, mental health, and substance abuse status, academic performance, and teenage behaviors. This mixed-method study included separate structured face-to-face interviews with each adolescent and her mother. In addition, 20 daughters were randomly selected and completed more in-depth qualitative interviews. The findings suggest that generally the daughters were in good physical health although they reported mental health problems at about twice the rate that would be expected in a general pediatric sample. Further, about 3–5% of the daughters had a potential serious substance abuse problem. With respect to school, about 28% were not currently attending school although the majority of daughters who were attending school maintained a B average or better. Nearly two-thirds of the daughters reported being sexually active and almost 17% of the adolescents had children of their own, much higher than the 2.9% national rate of girls in this age cohort. While many of these daughters life circumstances may not be optimal, findings from both the quantitative and qualitative interviews with both mothers and daughters indicate that these daughters possess many strengths, abilities, and desires.     

中学女生身体不满意的认知取向干预

基于女性身体不满意的预测模型,试图通过以干预课程为主的认知干预活动,降低青春期女生的身体不满意,形成健康的身体观。结果表明,身体不满意的干预活动能够有效防止初中女生身体不满意的进一步增加,对高中女生的影响没有达到显著差异;自编实验组女生成长问卷结果和实验组女生访谈的结果显示,干预活动给初中和高中实验组女生带来了一定的积极影响;初中生父母调查的结果反映了大部分父母比较满意此干预活动。研究表明本干预研究具有一定的可行性,值得进一步探讨和拓展。     

Female Juvenile Offenders: Defining an Early-Onset Pathway for Delinquency

We examined whether childhood factors predict age of first arrest in adolescent girls referred for placement and treatment for serious delinquency problems (N = 62). Measures included child characteristics (i.e., age of menstrual onset, childhood ADHD, and IQ), family environmental factors (i.e., severe punishment, parental transitions, and sexual abuse), biological parent criminality, and juvenile court records. Parental transitions and biological parent criminality significantly predicted the age of first arrest (M = 12.5 years), and IQ showed a trend to be a significant predictor. The final model accounted for 52% of the variance. A younger age of first arrest was related to increased health-risking sexual behaviors and to increased self-reported delinquency. Logistic regression analyses indicted that membership in an early-onset group could be reliably formed using family and child predictors, with accurate classifications for 46-90% of the girls. Family environmental and child characteristics played a strong role in predicting which girls would be arrested at an earlier age. The strong predictive utility of parental transitions and biological parent criminality, in particular, suggest two avenues for identifying girls at risk for delinquency problems.     

Integrating psychological research on girls with feminist activism: a model for building a liberation psychology in the United States

A liberation psychology is needed to bridge the gap between psychology's focus on individual distress and broad social forces that foster such distress. We offer a model for bridging this gap by focusing on a specific area of psychology (psychological research on girls) and a specific social movement (feminist activism). Psychological research on girls and feminist activism share the common goal of improving the lives of girls and women. However, both have fallen short of this goal. This is due, in part, to the weaknesses associated with each endeavor and to the fact that the complementary strengths of each have remained isolated from the other. In this paper, we propose a common language and shared framework to integrate psychological research with feminist activism. First, we review the basic strengths and weaknesses associated with psychological research and feminist activism, with a particular focus on how they are distinct from one another. Second, we provide a taxonomic framework for integrating these two areas on the basis of the stress paradigm, with specific examples provided from our recent reviews of the literature and our own empirical work with adolescent girls. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for future work needed to integrate psychological research on girls with feminist activism toward the goal of building a liberation psychology in the United States.     

Prevention of Sexual Assault Through the Resocialization of Women

No abstract available for this article.     

Spiritual well-being and its predictors among Iranian adolescent girls, 2014–2015

Today, numerous studies are focused on spiritual well-being. This study aimed to determine the status of spiritual well-being and its predictors among adolescent girls. The participants in this cross-sectional study were 520 adolescents living in Tabriz, Iran. Samples were selected through cluster sampling method. The ‘spiritual well-being’ and ‘socio-demographic characteristics’ questionnaires were used. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the predictors of spiritual well-being. The mean score of spiritual well-being was 90.22 (SD: 16.25), ranging from 20 to 120. Multivariate linear regression showed a significant relationship between spiritual well-being and the factors including parents’ belief for their children’s participation in religious ceremonies, sufficiency of family income for expenses and type of residence. The results show that the level of spiritual well-being in the girls is average to high, and considering the critical impact of spiritual well-being on the health, strategies are required to improve the adolescents’ spiritual well-being.     

Development of a Swedish version of the adolescent coping orientation for problem experiences (A–Cope)

The objective was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experiences (A-Cope) among Swedish adolescent girls. A sample of 590 13- and 15-year old girls participated. The original version of the A-Cope failed to demonstrate an adequate factor structure. A revised version was developed (A-Cope-S), consisting of 28 items forming 6 subscales with moderate to acceptable homogeneity. The findings suggest that the A-Cope-S is suitable for the study of coping among Swedish adolescent girls.     

Gender-Related Self-Discrepancies and Bulimic Eating Behavior

The purpose of this study was to explore a hypothetical link between the development of bulimic eating behavior and the suppression of masculine traits in adolescence. Discrepancies between the actual and the ideal self were examined as precursors of negative self-evaluation and binge–purge behavior. Using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (Bem, 1974), 821 German students between the ages of 13 and 20 were questioned anonymously. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. For girls in contrast to boys, the discrepancy between how much adolescents believed that they possess masculine traits (actual self) and how much they would like to (ideal self) was significantly greater at older ages. For both sexes, gender-related self-discrepancies were related to bulimic symptoms indirectly, via self-esteem and dieting.     

The Role of Theistic Spirituality in Adolescent Girls' Body Esteem: A Pilot Outcome Study

A pilot outcome study explored associations between psychospiritual variables and body esteem in adolescent girls at a Roman Catholic high school by examining the influence of The Imago Dei Experience (TIDE), an intervention program the first author designed. Perception of God's loving acceptance accounted for significant variance in weight and appearance body esteem; religious crisis accounted for significant variance in weight body esteem. Lack of significant changes in body esteem from pretest to 18‐month follow‐up suggested the TIDE program may have buffered the typical increase in body dissatisfaction over that period of time for adolescent girls. The authors recommend counselors explore qualities of God image and religious crisis with adolescent girls.     

Perceived Benefits and Challenges of a Multiethnic-Racial Identity: Insight From Adults With Mixed Heritage

The purpose of this inquiry was to explore the lived experiences of multiethnic-racial individuals (i.e., individuals with parents from different ethnic-racial groups). In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 adults from the United States with mixed ethnic-racial backgrounds ranging in age from 18 to 52 (female n = 20, male n = 9). We identified a number of themes related to perceived benefits (e.g., pluralistic world views, stronger sense of self) and challenges (e.g., identity tensions, communal concerns) of having a mixed heritage. Findings are discussed in terms of four considerations for ethnic-racial identity of individuals with mixed ethnic-racial backgrounds: emphasizing constellations of experiences, life-span and developmental considerations of identity, (mixed) ethnic-racial identity as constituted in interactions, and the potential promise of pluralistic world views.     

Lesbian-Related Issues in Counseling Supervision

No abstract available for this article.     

Between Midlife and Old Age:

This article is based on taped interviews with 56 women, individually and in groups, between the ages of 60 and 70, as well as my own experience as a woman past 65. Discussions with my friends and colleagues in this age group also contributed to my thinking. My sense is that the seventh decade is one of numerous transitions in the lives of women, and that these transitions require extensive, varied, and often painful opportunities for learning. Furthermore, the proximity to life's ending also acts as a strong motivator for engaging in activities that had previously been put off; these include a variety of self-selected and often pleasurable learning experiences. The learning that takes place at this age is rarely acknowledged; it is more likely to be overshadowed by the ageist assumption that old people lost their ability to learn or even to comprehend new information, and by the sexist assumption that women are incapable of making intelligent and practical decisions. These interviews and informal discussion contradict such stereotypical misinformation about old women, showing instead a high level of personal and interpersonal learning, as well as the development of extensive and creative new coping strategies.     

论朱子性情关系中的性善论假设

在朱子性情关系的多重分析中,性善论只是一种假设。此种假设体现在“性体情用”原则中,体现在“心统性情”关系中,亦体现在“心贯已发未发”命题中。此种假设在朱子哲学中是可能与必要的。对于朱子性情关系中的性善论假设进行剖析,有助于为研究朱子哲学提供新的视角。     

The effectiveness of a joint mother–daughter sexual health program for Latina early adolescents

A culturally and cognitively adapted joint mother–daughter sexual health and HIV transmission curriculum was implemented for 96 Latina early adolescents and their mothers (48 mother–daughter dyads). Pretest and posttest surveys, interviews, and observations of participants' conversations about AIDS were used to assess program effectiveness in increasing knowledge and communication about sexuality and HIV transmission, and fostering daughters' positive attitudes toward using condoms in the future. At posttest, mothers and daughters reported an increase in the frequency of home communication about sexual topics and openness in general communication. Systematic observational analysis of videotaped mother–daughter conversations about AIDS revealed that, compared to the pretest, daughters were more engaged in posttest conversations as evidenced by an increase in their spontaneous sharing of information about HIV transmission and their offering of opinions. In addition, the posttest conversations focused on a broader discussion of HIV transmission risk behavior including condom use as a protective measure. Mothers who knew more about HIV transmission at posttest, and who reported more openness in general communication with daughters at posttest, asked their daughters more questions in the conversations about what they had learned in the program. Daughters who contributed more information and opinions to the posttest conversations, who were more knowledgeable about HIV transmission at posttest, and who reported more home communication about sexual topics in the posttest, also reported more positive attitudes toward using condoms in the future.     

Nobody's perfect: A qualitative examination of African American maternal caregivers’ and their adolescent girls’ perceptions of body image

Using semi-structured interviews, we explored African American maternal caregivers’ and their adolescent girls’ (N = 25 dyads) perceptions about the adolescent's body using Grounded Theory. Caregivers and adolescent girls (M_age = 13.42) were asked what the adolescent girls liked most/least about their bodies and how peers and media may affect adolescent girls’ perceptions. While some adolescent girls reported overall body satisfaction, others described features they would like to change. Belief in God, body acceptance, and appreciation for average/moderate features helped the adolescent girls maintain their positive body image. The body-related messages that adolescent girls received from caregivers and peers included compliments, pressure to lose weight, teasing, and advice. Adolescent girls also reported being either influenced by or skeptical of the images presented in the media. Programs that promote caregiver–adolescent communication about body perceptions and that build on the adolescent girls’ media skepticism may prove useful for their health-related attitudes and behaviors.     

Feeling Good,Being Intentional,and Their Relationship to Two Types of Creativity at Work

In recent years, scholars have empirically demonstrated that creativity can be described as radical or incremental creativity. In efforts to better understand the nomological networks underlying radical and incremental creativity, this study explored the role that positive emotions directly and indirectly plays in predicting each type of creativity. Further, whether the nature of these mediated relationships varied differentially as a function of employees’ tendency to also engage in such purposeful activities as monitoring their creative behaviors and deepening their expertise was also explored. The resultant moderated-mediation model was tested in a field study of 129 professional employees in a large North American consumer products organization. Results indicated that positive emotions influence incremental and radical creativity differentially through fun, and that the degree to which individuals engage in monitoring impacts their levels of creativity. Implications and future directions for research and practitioners are discussed.     

内隐品质/外貌自我概念对内隐自尊的预测—性别的调节作用

已有研究发现品质/外貌自我评价与外显自尊密切相关且受性别的调节,而内隐品质/外貌自我概念是否与内隐自尊相关以及其中的性别差异尚不明确。本研究采用多因素特质内隐联想测验（MFT-IAT）及内隐联想测验（IAT）测量被试的内隐品质/外貌自我概念以及内隐自尊,结果发现在内隐自我概念里,男性将品质与自我联系更紧密而女性将外貌与自我联结更紧密;内隐品质/外貌自我概念对内隐自尊的预测作用受性别的调节,在男性中内隐积极品质与自我联结越紧密其内隐自尊水平越高,而女性中内隐积极外貌与自我联结越紧密其内隐自尊水平越高。