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1.
Autistic spectrum disorders impair the ability to interact socially. Detecting and understanding their onset is not only an
empirical enterprise, but also a theoretical one, often linked to studies on intersubjectivity. Different theoretical perspectives
have been elaborated in the past to account for the deficit. The main purpose of this paper is to reinforce and offer empirical
grounding to a recent approach, termed Social Orienting Model, by presenting the main theoretical approaches to autism and
contrasting them to this view, as well as considering its possible effect on empirical research, focusing on current literature
analyzing gestures in children with autism.
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2.
This paper defends a dynamic model of the way in which perception is integrated with action, a model I refer to as ‘the navigational
account’. According to this account, employing vision and other forms of distance perception, a creature acquires information
about its surroundings via the senses, information that enables it to select and navigate routes through its environment,
so as to attain objects that satisfy its needs. This form of perceptually guided activity should be distinguished from other
kinds of semi-automatic responses to visual stimuli that do not necessarily involve conscious experiences. It essentially
involves inner states, which involve both the awareness of phenomenal qualities, and also a representational component. The
navigational account is compared here with the enactive approach to perception, which opposes the view that perceptual experiences
are inner states. This paper argues that a full account of perception raises a number of different questions. One central
explanatory project concerns questions about the kinds of processes that currently enable a creature to identify and respond appropriately to distant objects: the answer, it is argued, lies in acknowledging
the role of conscious inner representations in guiding navigational behaviour through complex environments. The fact that
perception and action are interdependent does not conflict with the claim that inner representational states comprise an essential
stage in visual processing.
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3.
Recent findings in cognitive neuroscience shed light on the existence of a common neural mechanism that could account for
action and intention to understand abilities in humans and non-human primates. Empirical evidence on the neural underpinnings
of action goals and on their ontogeny and phylogeny is introduced and discussed. It is proposed that the properties of the
mirror neuron system and the functional mechanism describing them, embodied simulation, enabled pre-linguistic forms of action
and intention understanding. Basic aspects of social cognition appear to be primarily based on the motor cognition that underpins
one’s own capacity to act, here defined as motor abstraction. On the basis of this new account of the motor system, it is
proposed that intersubjectivity is the best conceived of as intercorporeity.
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4.
In this article I introduce a certain kind of anti-realist account of what makes a property essential to an object and defend
it against likely objections. This account, which I call a ‘conferralist’ account, shares some of the attractive features
of other anti-realist accounts, such as conventionalism and expressivism, but I believe, not their respective drawbacks.
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5.
I raise several objections to Sosa’s account of knowledge as aptness. I argue that aptness is neither necessary nor sufficient
for knowledge. I also raise some objection to Sosa’s treatment of dreaming skepticism.
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6.
This paper presents an new epistemicist account of vagueness, one that avoids standard arbitrariness worries by exploiting
a plenitudinous metaphysic.
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7.
The paper is intended to focus on peculiarities of nanomedicine and the importance of social concerns implicated, in order
to understand if existing regulations are appropriate to maintain its safety or if a new ad hoc regulatory framework is needed. Consideration of social challenges will underline the crucial role of medical ethics in regulatory
discussion.
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9.
Research indicates that perceivers regulate information gain from their observation of ongoing behavior by varying the number
and kind of actions they identify as meaningful. Although numerous factors have been shown to induce variation in this behavior-perception
process, it is not currently known whether observers must consciously and intentionally initiate these changes. To address
this question, different observational goals (impression formation or memorization) were nonconsciously primed in participants
who then viewed and segmented a behavior sequence into meaningful actions. Although participants were unaware of its effects,
the priming manipulation led to quantitative and qualitative shifts in their perception of the behavior that were similar
to those found in a previous study in which observational goals were manipulated via explicit instructions. Importantly, these
shifts in perception, in turn, influenced evaluations of the observed actor and memory for her behavior. We conclude that
an act of will is not required for adjustments in behavior perception to be initiated, and, furthermore, that a full understanding
of social judgment cannot be achieved without examination of the behavior-perception process.
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10.
It is generally agreed upon that Grice’s causal theory of perception describes a necessary condition for perception. It does
not describe sufficient conditions, however, since there are entities in causal chains that we do not perceive and not all
causal chains yield perceptions. One strategy for overcoming these problems is that of strengthening the notion of causality
(as done by David Lewis). Another is that of specifying the criteria according to which perceptual experiences should match
the way the world is (Frank Jackson and Michael Tye). Finally, one can also try to provide sufficient conditions by elaborating
on the content of perceptual experiences (Alva N?e). These different strategies are considered in this paper, with the conclusion
that none of them is successful. However, a careful examination of their problems points towards the general solution that
we outline at the end.
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11.
Thomas Hurka has put forth a powerful account of virtue. The account rests on a specification of intrinsically good mental states and then explains what unifies them. On his account, virtue and desert also share the same structure. His theory of virtue has some difficulties that threaten the structure that unifies it. First, Hurka's account cannot provide a principled account of virtue and vice when they are constituted by attitudes toward things are not intrinsically good (e.g., nonexistent state of affairs). Second, Hurka's account does not have room for an important factor in determining the degree to which an attitude is virtuous or vicious: agent-relative goods. Hurka is thus faced with a abandoning the basic structure that makes his theory attractive or adopting counterintuitive positions. 相似文献
12.
I defend indirect perceptual realism against two recent and related charges to it offered by A. D. Smith and P. Snowdon, both
stemming from demonstrative reference involving indirect perception. The needed aspects of the theory of demonstratives are
not terribly new, but their connection to these objections has not been discussed. The groundwork for my solution emerges
from considering normal cases of indirect perception (e.g., seeing something depicted on a television) and examining the role
this indirectness plays in demonstrative assertions. I argue that indirectness routinely if not typically plays a justificatory
role in such judgements, and not a semantic one, and that the same can be said of such judgements when considered within the
indirect realist framework. The denial of this, on my analysis, is essential to the criticisms of Snowdon and Smith. The discussion
is extended to include scenarios involving the sorts of misconceptions Smith employs.
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13.
I criticize recent nonconceptualist readings of Kant’s account of perception on the grounds that the strategy of the Deduction
requires that understanding be involved in the synthesis of imagination responsible for the intentionality of perceptual experience.
I offer an interpretation of the role of understanding in perceptual experience as the consciousness of normativity in the
association of one’s representations. This leads to a reading of Kant which is conceptualist, but in a way which accommodates
considerations favoring nonconceptualism, in particular the primitive character of perceptual experience relative to thought
and judgment.
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14.
Representationalists currently cannot explain counter-examples that involve indeterminate perceptual content, but a double content (DC) view is more promising. Four related cases of perceptual imprecision are used to outline the DC view, which also applies
to imprecise photographic content. Next, inadequacies in the more standard single content (SC) view are demonstrated. The
results are then generalized so as to apply to the content of any kinds of non-conventional representation. The paper continues
with evidence that a DC account provides a moderate rather than extreme realist account of perception, and it concludes with
an initial analysis of the failure of nomic covariance accounts of information in indeterminacy cases.
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15.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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16.
Early modern empiricists thought that the nature of perceptual experience is given by citing the object presented to the mind
in that experience. Hallucination and illusion suggest that this requires untenable mind-dependent objects. Current orthodoxy
replaces the appeal to direct objects with the claim that perceptual experience is characterized instead by its representational
content. This paper argues that the move to content is problematic, and reclaims the early modern empiricist insight as perfectly
consistent, even in cases of illusion, with the realist contention that these direct objects of perception are the persisting
mind-independent physical objects we all know and love.
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17.
The paper provides an account of necessary truths in Berkeley based upon his divine language model. If the thesis of the paper
is correct, not all Berkeleian necessary truths can be known a priori.
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18.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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19.
I engage phenomenological and empirical perspectives on dialogical relations in infancy in a mutually enlightening and challenging
relation. On the one hand, the empirical contributions provide evidence for the primacy of first-to-second person interrelatedness
in human sociality, as opposed to the claim of primary syncretism heralded by Merleau-Ponty, and also in distinction from
the ego-alter ego model routinely used in phenomenology. On the other hand, phenomenological considerations regarding the
lived affective experience of dialogical relatedness enrich and render intelligible the psychological accounts of dialogue
in terms of observable behavior. Phenomenological and empirical perspectives on dialogical relatedness thus combine to offer
an affectively charged and conversationally patterned notion of primary intersubjectivity in the I-you mode.
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20.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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