外向性格、场独立性及认知作业的操作

 取120名12岁儿童作被试.(a)调查外向性格、神经过敏症及场独立性之间的关系.(b)调查外向性格和场依存性对两个认知作业(推理和回忆散文)的影响.(c)研究人格特点和言语——表象学习方式之间的关系.     

大学生场依存性─－独立性认知方式分析

对二十一个学科专业１５２６名大学生的场依存性─－独立性认知方式进行调查所获得的新近常模资料表明：大学生场依存性─－独立性个体差异的群体分布是正态性的,其总体平均水平以《认知方式图形测验》成绩作指标为１３．７（ｓ为４．６）。在此基础上,对文献所报道的影响场依存性─－独立性发展水平的两个因素作了进一步的研究分析,发现,大学生场依存性─－独立性的性别差异非常接近显著水平;专业分化是不依赖于性别因素而导致大学生场依存性─－独立性水平显著不同的主要因素．     

市民人格特征及其与心理健康的关系研究

为探讨南京市民人格特征及其与心理健康的关系,对南京市民进行抽样调查。结果显示南京市民的人格特征较一般人群更外向,掩饰程度较高;性别、年龄、职业以及文化程度与人格特征存在一定关系;不同人格类型的市民心理健康水平不同;年龄、情绪稳定性及内外向性对心理健康有预测作用。     

内向、外向各有短长

对内向和外向性格的优劣判别,专家们的意见不太一致。瑞士精神病学家荣格认为内向者的兴趣所在不是外部世界而是自己的内心世界,即自己的观点、思想、情感和行为;而外向者则把心理能量或者兴趣指向环境中的一切。我们可以看出,外向的人对环境的变化比内向的人要敏感和迅速一些,但两者没有优劣之分。弗洛依德则认为,外向性格是健康的象征,而内向性格者具有精神病的倾向。     

大学生认知方式与人际交往及创造力之间关系的研究

１问题提出 关于创造力与场依存——独立性的关系,国内外学者都有过论述,但是,对认知方式与创造力之间关系的定量研究,尚不多见。关于场依存性认知方式与人际交往之间的关系,威特金（Ｗｉｔｋｉｎ）等人研究认为,场依存性的人是社会定向,他们对社会线索更敏感,更喜欢与人有联系的情境,而不喜欢独处;与他人相处,在社会行为特征和习惯方式方面表现得更熟练。场独立的人则是非社会定向,在人际关系中表现出更多自主性,较少考虑他人的意见。场依存性者的社会定向是否就说明他们社会交往技能高？在人际交往过程中不同认知方式的人会…     

护士职业的人格特质研究

采用Ｙ－Ｇ性格测验问卷,对临床护士和在读护生共３９０人,进行了心理测评,展开了护士职业的人格特质研究。研究结果表明：优秀护士群体的性格类型和某些人格特质显著地优于一般护士群体;优秀护士与一般护士间所显现出显著差异的人格特质,对于护士角色人格的构成具有决定性影响;Ｙ－Ｇ性格测验的Ａ型性格类型评定对于护士职业的心理选拔显现特异性趋势;整个测评研究结果,基本支持＂护士个体人格特质与角色人格特质的匹配模式＂等理论假设．     

我国男子大学生跳高运动员场依存性—独立性特征的初步研究

引言目前,人们对场依存性一独立性特征的研究,已不局限于对场依存性一独立性的诊断,也不满足于对依存于场的人和独立于场的人的特点的研究,而对这两种类型人的特点对各种职业的影响更感兴趣。据国外资料报道,场依存性一独立性特征对竞技体育有一定影响,运动员的场独立性为中或强者运动成绩一般较好。从理论上看,跳高运动要求有较强的场独立性。基于这种假设,我们对我国男子大学生跳高运动员进行了这方面的测试和研究,试图验证以上假设,为我国男子跳高运动员的心理选材和训练提供参考资料。     

抑郁症的人格类型及其脑功能连接基础

本研究采用功能随机森林的方法,将聚类过程与抑郁症诊断相结合,分别在抑郁症和控制组中识别了人格类型(神经质和外向性的组合),并进一步探究了不同人格类型的静息态功能连接差异。聚类分析结果显示,抑郁症以高神经质和低外向性趋势的个体为主,但同样有低神经质和高外向性趋势的个体。控制组样本则以低神经质和高外向性个体为主。静息态功能连接的结果显示：在不考虑人格亚型的情况下,抑郁症和控制组在杏仁核/海马/脑岛-边缘网络/默认网络/控制网络的功能连接上均无显著差异。在纳入聚类分析所划分的亚型进行统计后,多种人格类型在左侧杏仁核/脑岛-边缘网络(以眶额皮质区域为主)的功能连接强度上呈现出显著差异。本研究基于个人视角识别的抑郁症人格类型更符合现实情况与个体认知模式,具有潜在的临床应用价值,并且其功能连接的差异对理解抑郁症异质性提供了神经层面的参考。     

大学生人格、社会支持与主观幸福感的关系

采用问卷调查法探讨了大学生的主观幸福感与人格、社会支持的关系。研究发现：（1）大学生的主观幸福感无性别差异;（2）不同人格类型的大学生的主观幸福感水平有显著的差异：多血质者主观幸福感最高,抑郁质者最低;(3)四种人格类型大学生的主观幸福感均有随社会支持水平的增加而增加的趋势;（4）神经质、外向性和家庭外源性社会支持对主观幸福感有较强的预测力;但外向性与主观幸福感的关系将在一定程度上以家庭外源性社会支持为中介。     

事故中的人格因素——内外向性格与事故关系的初步研究

对619名被试的研究得出,性格与事故有密切关系,外向性格者比内向性格者容易肇事.本研究支持了Farmer 等的“事故倾向者”理论,发现事故多发者具有典型的外向性格,随着外向程度的增加,被试肇事的可能性增大。随后对64名被试的进一步研究发现,内外向性格与引发事故的不安全行为密切相关。随着外向程度的增加,被试出现不安全行为的概率显著增大,而内向性格者的不安全行为则很少.     

Cognitive style and relationship quality in married dyads

Recently, cognitive personality researchers have begun to explore the social and interpersonal relevance of cognitive individual difference variables. Embedded in these examinations, however, is a methodological issue that bears importantly on our understanding of the role of these cognitive orientations in social relations. Specifically, personality studies have typically employed experimentally created dyads which, by limiting the representativeness of the sample, potentially limits the generalizability of the findings to more enduring “real-life” dyads. In the present study, field dependence/field independence was examined as a potential mediator of relationship quality in married dyads. Consistent with Witkin's theory of psychological differentiation, it was predicted that spouses with relatively field-dependent partners and individuals from dyads with similar levels of differentiation would have fewer complaints. Results showed, contrary to the predictions, that husbands married to field-dependent wives and wives from matched dyads had more complaints about their marital relationships. These findings suggest the need for a careful evaluation of the role of cognitive style in the domain of intimate interpersonal relationships. Apparently, it may not be sufficient to generalize about the role of personality in social relationships from the results of studies employing experimentally created dyads or groups to other, more enduring and real-life types of social relationships.     

Field dependence and the solution of word and nonsense anagrams

This study investigated the relation between field dependence-independence and performance on word and nonsense anagrams with 66 college students. Field independence as measured by the Group Embedded-figures Test was significantly associated with correct solution of word anagrams but not with correct solution of nonsense anagrams, the difference between the correlateons being significant even when verbal and spatial-perceptual ability were partialled out. Overall nonsense anagrams were easier to solve than word anagrams. Results were consistent with the idea that field-dependent individuals have greater difficulty breaking up and rearranging an organized stimulus complex than field-independent individuals.     

Field dependence-independence and social traditionalism

Three independent variables—ethnicity, sex, and urbanism—were used to investigate differences in the cognitive style, field dependence-independence, among six ethnic subcultures of Trinidad. It was assumed that differences in field dependence-independence reflected differences in adherence to values of social traditionalism among the six subcultures. The major hypothesis of the study was that a field-dependent cognitive style would be functional for the maintenance of social traditionalism, whereas a field-independent cognitive style would facilitate modernization. It was found that ethnicity, sex and urbanism were significant predictors of field dependence-independence, but because of a significant interaction effect, the results were not uniform. Ethnicity was the strongest predictor of cognitive style, for example, but whether it did, in fact, significantly predict field dependence-independence depended on the sex and the urbanism of the subjects. Consequently, the hypothesized rank order of ethnic groups by field dependence-independence held only for urban males.     

Relationship of field dependence/independence to adaption-innovation in alcoholics

Using alcoholics as subjects, the present study attempted a replication of Kirton's 1978 study in which he demonstrated a relationship between his adaption-innovation theory and Witkin's concept of field dependence/independence. Correlations obtained in the present study paralleled those of Kirton. As a group, alcoholics tended to be field-dependent in orientation. Innovators were less field-dependent than adaptors and "average" individuals. It was suggested that the varied characteristics of alcoholics should be considered when planning therapeutic strategies.     

Field dependence-independence and participation in physical activity by college students

Field-independent individuals, compared with field-dependent individuals, have higher sports potential and advantages in sport-related settings. Little research, however, has been conducted on the association of field dependence-independence and participation in physical activity. The study examined this association for college students who participated in physical activities in and beyond physical education classes. The Group Embedded Figures Test distinguished 40 field-dependent from 40 field-independent participants. Activity logs during one semester showed that field-independent participants were significantly more physically active and their physical activity behaviors were more sport-related than those of field-dependent participants.     

Personality types and hetero- versus auto-hypnosis

The Multivariate Personality Inventory (MPI; Magaro & Smith, 1981), the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS; Shor & Orne, 1962), and the Inventory of Self-Hypnosis (ISH; Shor, 1970) were used to investigate the relationship between personality style and hypnotic procedure in the determination of hypnotic susceptibility. On the basis of MPI scores, a normal college population was segregated into 5 personality styles: hysteric, manic, depressive, character disorder, and compulsive. The hysteric personality was found significantly more hypnotizable than the other personality types in the HGSHS induction context, whereas the compulsive personality was found significantly more hypnotizable in the ISH induction context. Results are discussed in terms of personality and situational factors in relation to previous hypnotic susceptibility research.     

Cognitive styles in the development of medical careers

Recent research has shown that academic choice and achievement may be partly a function of the student's standing on the field-dependence-independence cognitive-style dimension. The results of two longitudinal studies suggest that information about field dependence-independence may be of value for student guidance in the medical setting. The first, a study of college undergraduates who early expressed an interest in medicine, showed that these cognitive styles play a discernible role in determining who will eventually enter medical school. The second, a study of medical students, showed that field-dependent and field-independent students subsequently tend to choose different medical specialties. These results are consistent with cognitive-style theory, which proposes that field-independent people will choose vocations that require cognitive restructuring skills, whereas field-dependent people will choose vocations that require greater social-interpersonal involvement.     

SOCIAL TRADITIONALISM AND PERSONALITY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL VALUES AND PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES*

Three personality variables - field dependence-independence cognitive style, tolerance of ambiguity and machiavellianism - and two social value variables - conformity-self-assertion and fatalism-personal efficacy - were used to investigate the relationship between attachment to norms of social traditionalism and personality orientation. Subjects were 218 first-level supervisors from five industrial plants in Auckland, New Zealand. They were classified into four cultural groups depending on whether they were immigrant or indigenous Polynesians or Europeans. It was found that, with the exception of fatalism-personal efficacy and machiavellianism, social values were significantly correlated with personality attributes. The direction of these associations supported the hypothesis that attachment to norms of social traditionalism is associated with low levels of psychological development, while attachment to norms of modernity is associated with high levels of psychological development.     

On the association of field dependence-independence with personality, learning style, and social-political attitudes among adolescents

This study examined the relationship between scores on field dependence and field independence and sensory learning preference, cognitive learning style, personality, interpersonal trust, attributions of responsibility for solving social problems, and attitudes regarding citizenship among youth. Participants were 72 private school students in Grades 6 through 12 (26 girls, 46 boys; M age: 15.2 yr., SD=1.9). When controlling for grade and sex, field independence (measured by Group Embedded Figures Test scores) was associated with Intuitive Thinking personality, Concrete lobal learning style, and rejection of individual responsibility for social problems, relative to governmental and community responsibility. Associations with other aspects of learning style fell short of significance. No association was found with generalized trust or citizenship attitudes. Reassessment of these variables with a larger sample should be undertaken.     

Obesity as a variable affecting performance on the rod and frame test

Apparent similarities between S. Schachter's stimulus binding construct and H. A. Witkin's construct of psychological differentiation, specifically field dependence, have been noted in the literature. The present study examined field dependence on the rod-and-frame test among 20 obese and 42 average-weight subjects. Obese subjects were more field-dependent than were average-weight subjects. Women were slightly more field-dependent than were men. The author concluded that obese persons are more field-dependent and speculated that the constructs may be describing similar phenomena.