商业银行信贷中的道德风险及控制

商业银行信贷道德风险是由于信贷利益各方道德不确定性使信贷内部或外部利益遭受损失的可能,具有关系复杂性、形式多样性、后果严重性等特点。由于信贷人员的道德缺失、信贷社会责任的忽视、信贷主体目标的冲突、信贷机构制度的漏洞等原因导致了商业银行信贷道德风险的产生,必须从信贷制度、信贷主体的道德素质等方面入手加强对商业银行信贷中的道德风险控制。     

新型农村合作医疗中的道德风险及防范

以“新乡模式”为例对商业保险公司参与承办新型农村合作医疗进行了有益的探索。对商业保险公司利益激励不足致使其参与新农舍的积极性不高,而激励不足主要是源于制度不足导致对新农合中的道德风险约束无力。探讨了对道德风险的防范措施。     

公务员履责过程中的道德风险及其消减

公务员履责过程的道德风险表现为消极不作为、积极作为不当和积极不当作为.从客观机会来看,公务员履责过程的道德风险首先来源于客观上存在障碍,其次是某些现实条件又提供了公务员道德风险行为的免责可能,加剧了道德风险.基于风险控制流程来考虑公务员履责过程的道德风险消减,我们应该提升道德风险预估水平,提高道德风险检测频率,厘定道德风险评判标准,实施道德风险有效控制,预留道德风险对冲方式.     

社会救助制度的道德风险及防范

道德风险普遍存在于社会生活的各个领域,社会救助制度的环境决定了社会救助制度道德风险的特殊性.社会救助制度的道德风险主要体现在救助依赖、\"贫困陷阱\"等方面.社会救助制度道德风险的规避策略包括:构建合理的社会救助责任主体的关系;强化社会救助的激励和约束机制;降低社会救助参与各方的信息不时称程度;坚持政府责任与个体责任的统一,实现社会救助制度中个体德性与制度正义的伦理生态.     

社会医疗保险道德风险博弈与防控措施研究

通过对社会医疗保险道德风险产生原因与特征的探讨,根据不完全信息重复博弈模型对社会医疗保险道德风险进行了系统分析,据此提出了社会医疗保险道德风险的防控措施,以期实现对道德风险的有效防控,提高社会医疗保险基金的安全。     

社会医疗保险道德风险博弈与防控措施研究

通过对社会医疗保险道德风险产生原因与特征的探讨,根据不完全信息重复博弈模型对社会医疗保险道德风险进行了系统分析,据此提出了社会医疗保险道德风险的防控措施,以期实现对道德风险的有效防控,提高社会医疗保险基金的安全.     

医院病案编码员道德风险的行为方式分析及防范

从编码员操纵分组路径、锚定固定结付率和不合理的辅助建议三个方面论述了编码员道德风险的行为方式和表达结果,讨论了编码员道德风险负性结果的外溢和内溢,以及道德风险的行为传导,并从医保基金补偿驱动、医疗服务考核压力、负性后果预见性不够和分组方案内在不足等方面剖析了编码员道德风险的产生原因,进而从加强宣传教育、把握编码微观过程、构建合理的监管体系和完善分组方案等方面为编码员规避道德风险行为提出相应对策。

     

人性的幽暗性与欺诈性道德风险

在市场经济条件下,欺诈性道德风险是经济运行活动中的一个普遍现象。商业欺诈的动机在于谋取更大的利益或非分的利益。在经济活动的非人为的、客观性的风险之外,出现了另一种风险,这就是道德风险。道德风险的存在表明人性总有幽暗性的一面。人们或以诚信的手段,或以欺诈的手段,来满足自己追求利益的欲望。进一步完善法制,加强自我的道德修养,是我们与经济欺诈进行斗争,减少道德风险的有效武器之一;重建经济诚信,则是防范道德风险的根本所在。     

中国金融道德风险的伦理分析

本文在对金融道德风险的内涵进行分析的基础上,对道德风险进行了分类.认为道德风险的生成机理源于道德个体的人性诱发、不良社会环境诱发、金融行业的特性诱发及道德的本质属性诱发,为此,应从风险防范理念、金融生态环境、法人治理结构、金融制度、从业人员职业道德等方面进行综合治理.     

委托代理关系与企业道德风险

企业有所权与经营权的分离引发了委托代理关系,而道德风险是委托代理关系的必然产物;在委托代理关系中产生道德风险的原因在于代理人的利己性和委托人与代理人之间的信息的不对称性的同时存在;在企业委托代理关系中,所有者(雇主、股东、董事或政府等)、经理人和员工是其基本的链条,股东与经理、经理与员工都可以归结为委托人与代理人的关系,由此,企业道德风险存在于所有者、经理人和员工三个层面;规避企业道德风险既要从经济人的假设出发,探寻良好的激励约束机制,更要从社会人的事实出发,诉诸于企业人员的职业化和企业的职业化管理.     

道德理论的新进展--道德判断的社会直觉模式

道德判断的研究一直遵循皮亚杰和柯尔伯格的理性主义模式．但随着人们对认知双重过程论的逐渐认可,传统的道德判断理论受到了挑战。本文介绍了道德判断的一种新的理论模式——道德判断的社会直觉模式。该理论认为,道德判断是由迅速、自动的评价(直觉)所导致。     

The Definition of Moral Dilemmas: A Logical Problem

This paper concerns one of the undecided disputes of modern moral philosophy: the possibility of moral dilemmas. Whereas proponents of the possibility of moral dilemmas often appeal to moral experience, many opponents refer to ethical theory and deontic logic. My aim in this paper is to clarify some of the tension between moral experience and ethical theory with respect to moral dilemmas. In Part One I try to show that a number of logical arguments against the possibility of moral dilemmas, though apparently very different, turn out to be basically the same, as they are all based on the following concept of ought: if A ought to be done, doing B is impermissible and doing A itself is permissible. In Part Two I present an overview of several definitions of moral dilemmas that have been given by proponents of moral dilemmas: definitions that define moral dilemmas in terms of oughts and definitions that define them in terms of reasons. I conclude that, while reason is to weak, ought is too strong a concept to define moral dilemmas with. In this way, the arguments from Part One create a logical problem for proponents of the possibility of moral dilemmas to define moral dilemmas.     

权利概念与当代中国道德建设研究

“权利”和权利观念的凸现,已经并将继续对社会伦理关系和道德建设产生深刻的影响,同时也必然会对我国伦理学研究和发展以巨大的推动,公民道德建设必须坚持权利与义务相统一的方针原则。     

Developing Moral Decision-Making Competence: A Quasi-Experimental Intervention Study in the Swiss Armed Forces

Moral development has become an integral part in military training and the importance of moral judgment and behavior in military operations can hardly be overestimated. Many armed forces have integrated military ethics and moral decision-making interventions in their training programs. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these interventions. This study examined the effectiveness of a 1-week training program in moral decision making in the Swiss Armed Forces. The program was based on a strategy-based interactional moral dilemma approach. Results of this quasi-experimental intervention study showed significant improvements in content-related (moral and instrumental awareness, quality of moral information processing, development of compensatory actions) as well as process-related (situational analysis, development and evaluation of alternative solutions, justification of decision) aspects in moral decision making. Results of a follow-up test indicated positive long-term effects with regard to moral and instrumental awareness and process-related aspects. Findings are discussed, and consequences for leadership development programs and further research are explored.     

康德道德研究中道德规律与道德史的内在矛盾

康德从抽象的个人建立道德规律,与他所谓的人类的道德史相矛盾。解决的办法:是团体、社会性与集体思想作为个人先在的规定性与责任与道德的源泉。     

The Definition of Moral Dilemmas: A Logical Confusion and a Clarification

This discussion note deals with Jurriaan de Haan's paper The Definition of Moral Dilemmas: A Logical Problem (Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 4(3), 2001, pp. 267–284). In the first, critical part I will point out a confusion in the logical analysis of the paper in question. In the second, constructive part I will indicate how the analysis of moral dilemmas should proceed within the framework of a possible world semantics.     

Deviant Peer Affiliation and Bullying Perpetration in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement and the Moderating Role of Moral Identity

Abstract

Based on the integration of the group socialization theory and the individual–context interaction model, we examined whether moral disengagement mediated the association between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration and whether this mediation model was moderated by moral identity. A total of 438 adolescents participated in the current study. They completed measures regarding deviant peer affiliation, bullying perpetration, moral disengagement, and moral identity. Deviant peer affiliation positively predicted adolescents’ bullying perpetration at six months later and this relationship was partially mediated by moral disengagement. Moral identity did not moderate the direct relationship between deviant peer affiliation and adolescents’ bullying perpetration. Moral identity moderated the relationship between moral disengagement and adolescents’ bullying perpetration and in turn moderated the indirect relationship between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration. Specifically, the relationship between moral disengagement and bullying perpetration and the indirect relationship between deviant peer affiliation and bullying perpetration via moral disengagement both became nonsignificant for adolescents with high moral identity.     

Moral Communities in Anti-Doping Policy: A Response to Bowers and Paternoster

This article argues that Bowers and Paternoster’s emphasis on a moral community marks an important step towards a more ethical and effective approach to anti-doping. However, it also argues that the authors’ proposed strategies undermine their stated goal of effectively engaging athletes as partners in anti-doping efforts and raise ethical concerns. Their proposed emphasis on exploiting shaming as a punishment and their general view of athletes as adversaries fosters mistrust between athletes and those who enforce the anti-doping rules. Instead, this article describes a model for empowering athletes as stakeholders in anti-doping policy as a means to provide anti-doping rules with increased moral legitimacy among athletes.