卫生经济学视野中的医患合谋

从分析医患合谋道德风险的影响因素入手,结合卫生经济学的供给曲线和需求曲线探讨产生医患合谋道德风险的原因和规避策略.发现医疗保险的供给方(保险机构)、医疗服务的提供方(医疗服务机构)和医疗保险的被保险方(医疗保险的消费者,即接受医疗服务的消费者或患者)三者之间信息不对称是导致道德风险的重要因素,保险基金风险更多是来自医疗服务提供方的道德风险.建议从建立信息公开制度,加强监督;加强激励,遏制道德风险;运用技术,规范行为三方面规范医疗服务提供方的行为.     

对国有企业经营者约束软化的原因分析

国有企业（包括国有独资公司、国有股控股的有限责任公司和股份有限公司、两个以上国有企业参股的公司、国有股份合作制企业和其他非公司国有企业,以下简称国有企业）按照现代企业制度的要求,强化对企业经营者的制约,无疑应当成为深化国有企业改革的一项重要内容,因为...     

中国金融道德风险的伦理分析

本文在对金融道德风险的内涵进行分析的基础上,对道德风险进行了分类.认为道德风险的生成机理源于道德个体的人性诱发、不良社会环境诱发、金融行业的特性诱发及道德的本质属性诱发,为此,应从风险防范理念、金融生态环境、法人治理结构、金融制度、从业人员职业道德等方面进行综合治理.     

金融机构的伦理冲突及其伦理治理

基于资本结构的特殊性、资产交易的非透明性和监管的严格性,金融机构形成了不同于一般工商企业的特殊利益关系,也凸显了金融机构公司治理的伦理特质.以股东利益最大化、业绩一报酬敏感性高、政府干预为特征的现行公司治理机制,存在伦理缺陷,激发了金融机构内外的伦理冲突.协调金融机构的伦理冲突,需要拓展公司治理的伦理维度,确立共生的治理目标,完善伦理激励机制和伦理监督机制.     

去行政化背景下大学治理结构重构

去行政化不是不要行政管理,而是适当制约行政权力,形成各利益相关者共同治理高校的良好结构,从而保障大学使命的完成。这意味着要彻底改革大学的决策权、执行权和监督权,根据大学所依赖的各种资源,建立利益相关者共同治理的大学董事会、学术权力与行政权力并行的执行机制、内部监督和外部监督互为补充的监督体系,从而形成良好的大学治理结构。     

关于建立健全治理医药购销领域商业贿赂长效机制的思考

医药购销领域的商业贿赂,形式多样,对我国政治、经济、社会等方面均带来很大的负面影响。它的出现,既有物质条件、心理条件,更有制度条件。治理医药购销领域的商业贿赂,要从思想道德建设、制度建设、体制改革、管理监督等从多方面着手,建立健全长效机制。     

公立医院治理结构改革的理论探讨

探讨公立医院治理结构改革,有着重要的现实意义。在阐明公立医院治理结构的理论内涵的基础上,着重从委托代理、资源汲取系统和产权形式的特殊性三方面论证治理结构改革的依据,提出明确出资者（捐赠者）、决策者、管理者的责权,形成决策、执行、监督相互制衡的公立医院治理改革的思路。     

关于建立健全治理医药购销领域商业贿赂长效机制的思考

医药购销领域的商业贿赂,形式多样,对我国政治、经济、社会等方面均带来很大的负面影响.它的出现,既有物质条件、心理条件,更有制度条件.治理医药购销领域的商业贿赂,要从思想道德建设、制度建设、体制改革、管理监督等从多方面着手,建立健全长效机制.     

公务员履责过程中的道德风险及其消减

公务员履责过程的道德风险表现为消极不作为、积极作为不当和积极不当作为.从客观机会来看,公务员履责过程的道德风险首先来源于客观上存在障碍,其次是某些现实条件又提供了公务员道德风险行为的免责可能,加剧了道德风险.基于风险控制流程来考虑公务员履责过程的道德风险消减,我们应该提升道德风险预估水平,提高道德风险检测频率,厘定道德风险评判标准,实施道德风险有效控制,预留道德风险对冲方式.     

社会救助制度的道德风险及防范

道德风险普遍存在于社会生活的各个领域,社会救助制度的环境决定了社会救助制度道德风险的特殊性.社会救助制度的道德风险主要体现在救助依赖、"贫困陷阱"等方面.社会救助制度道德风险的规避策略包括:构建合理的社会救助责任主体的关系;强化社会救助的激励和约束机制;降低社会救助参与各方的信息不时称程度;坚持政府责任与个体责任的统一,实现社会救助制度中个体德性与制度正义的伦理生态.     

企业道德责任论

本文对“企业社会责任”与“企业道德责任”概念的内涵与外延进行了清晰化的梳理与条陈,明确了企业社会责任与企业道德责任通用的语义层次,阐述了企业社会责任与企业道德责任区分的价值和实践意义;立论了企业道德责任何以可能;具体分析了企业基本道德责任与积极道德责任实现的一般要件,指出法律制裁力、市场筛选力、中间力量的博弈力是企业基本道德责任实现的不可或缺的条件,而企业的盈利能力、企业经营团队尤其是主要领导者的较强社会责任感、社会组织和民众对企业的积极行善形成的褒奖机制则是积极道德责任必须附加的条件。     

Sex and racial differences in preference for a caring morality in a corporate environment that promotes diversity and equal opportunity

This study investigated the caring moral perspective of managers in a corporation recognized as being a champion of promoting diversity and equal opportunity. Caring is described as a morality of responsibility and relationship, a sensitivity to the needs of persons. The study was based on the prediction that the attachment and caring shown elsewhere to be characteristic of the morality of females would be characteristic of all managers, regardless of sex or race in this kind of corporate environment. 121 male and female, African-American and Euro-American managers responded to a survey using three subscales of a Caring Morality Inventory: caring orientation, use of intuition and feeling to make a judgment, and concern with others in decision-making. Analysis showed female managers, regardless of race, scored significantly higher on the Caring Morality scale than the male managers, supporting other findings of sex differences in caring moral perspective and suggesting that working for a company actively promoting diversity and equal opportunity does not cancel out these differences. In addition, for this study it was assumed that, although African Americans, in general, may have been sensitized to lean more toward a caring morality, any racial differences in caring morality would be cancelled out by the fact that all of the managers work for the same prodiversity and, by assumption, more sensitive company. The Euro-American managers, regardless of sex, actually scored higher on the Caring Morality scale than did the African-American managers, with the difference being attributable solely to the greater tendency of the Euro-American managers to use intuition and feeling to make a judgment.     

建言行为与政治行为之间的关系：基于道德凭证机制的研究

基于道德许可理论的道德凭证机制以及道德一致性的理论线索,探究了在职场排斥调节作用下以及在感知的建设性变革责任的抑制性调节作用下,建言行为通过心理权利影响政治行为的过程。对555名员工及其上司进行问卷调查,结果显示,在职场排斥作为边界条件影响下的建言行为通过心理权利的中介作用正向影响政治行为,而感知的建设性变革责任作为抑制性边界条件负向调节心理权利的这种中介关系。研究结果从理论和实证上解释了职场排斥是激发建言行为通过心理权利产生道德凭证效应的边界条件,而感知的建设性变革责任作为边界条件能够抑制这种效应的发生。     

COMPARISONS OF MANAGERIAL AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION WITH A PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM

Questionnaires were administered to managers and employees in a large multinational corporation to assess satisfaction with various aspects of a performance appraisal system. Comparisons of managers' and employees' satisfaction were made by conducting factor analyses for each sample. The results indicate moderate similarity between the two groups. However, two significant differences were revealed by the analysis. First, there is evidence that employees perceive certain aspects of the appraisal system in a global way, whereas managers differentiate among various components and see them as distinct entities. Second, the relative importance of the factors differs between the two groups. The largest portion of variance accounted for in the employee sample pertained to general satisfaction with the system whereas for managers it pertained to the types of ratings made on the appraisal form. The results are discussed in terms of the different perspectives managers and employees have in the appraisal process.     

中国社会医疗保险财务收支中的障碍与突破

财务收支是社会医疗保险制度运行的物质基础。近年来,财务收支失衡问题已经开始显现于我国社会医疗保险的部分统筹地区。其原因主要有责任主体、人口结构、财务机制、医疗递送等因素。为此,应该在走向全民医疗保险制度、加强医患双方的道德风险规避、扩展个人医疗账户的使用范围、适时建立退休人员的缴费制度等方面进行改革与发展。     

THE EFFICIENT MANAGERS OF SELF-MANAGED ENTERPRISES IN YUGOSLAVIA

Managerial function in the Yugoslav system of socialist self-management is assumed to be merely coordinative. Top managers are elected by the Workers' Councils. However, in practice, even in such a system, the efficiency of an enterprise depends to a large extent on its top manager. This article reports on the main results of an empirical study into factors determining the efficiency of managers of self-managed enterprises. The study was conducted in Yugoslavia in 1987. The basic assumption was that a manager can be considered as efficient only if he manages a successful enterprise. The case-study method was used for an in-depth study of eleven highly efficient enterprises. Organizational structure, production programme, technology, qualification structure, innovations, strategy, position of the manager in the power structure, and some other aspects were studied.     

Interrupting the Cycle of Moral Exclusion: A Communication Contribution to Social Justice Research1

This research broadly maps the territory of moral exclusion to include communication within its boundaries. Communicative strategies may provide the means for the interruption or even the reversal of the moral‐exclusion cycle. While the current studies do not provide empirical verification of the reversal mechanism, they do prepare the theoretical groundwork through the use of a contemporary example: Romanian orphans. The first study is a survey of 225 Romanian students designed to reveal how they analyze the social issue of orphans and whether it is possible to differentiate between those who have and those who have not excluded orphans from their scope of justice. The second study consists of 2 focus‐group discussions conducted in Bucharest: one with project managers from nongovernment organizations working with children in crisis, and the other with ordinary citizens. The results and discussion concentrate on the implications and practical applications for potentially countering moral exclusion.     

道德心理学的哲学思考--论心理学与伦理学的会通与融合

道德心理学把规范伦理学与实证心理学在哲学层面上结合起来,为理解人的道德行为提供了一种新的视角。伦理学与心理学的这种融合具体体现为：个人同一性与道德行为必须在心理上保持一致,才能形成真正的道德同一性,因此,美德有其独特的气质和情绪心理学机制。道德是在社会生活中形成的,处理好道德的社会关系是培养良好美德的基础。道德既有理性的层面,也有非理性的层面,培养和确立人的内在理性是成为道德人的心理学基础。基于心理学对道德生活的重要性,一种以心理学为基础的美德伦理学正在出现。     

Self-Censorship

This article seeks to explore the conceptual structure and moral standing of an idea that has received almost no attention from analytical philosophers: self-censorship. It is argued that at the heart of the concept is a tension between the thoughts of the self-censor as, on the one hand, the author, and on the other, the instrument, of the censorship. Which of these aspects is emphasised also importantly helps shape how self-censorship is viewed normatively. Focusing on authorship tends to lead to seeing self-censorship as more akin to a freely chosen act of self-restraint, while focusing on the self-censor as instrument presents it as one specific form of ordinary censorship. It is the tension between these two aspects that accounts for the moral ambivalence that is often felt towards the practice of self-censorship.     

Vicarious dishonesty: When psychological closeness creates distance from one’s moral compass

In four studies employing multiple manipulations of psychological closeness, we found that feeling connected to another individual who engages in selfish or dishonest behavior leads people to behave more selfishly and less ethically themselves. In addition, psychologically connecting with a scoundrel led to greater moral disengagement. We also establish that vicarious justification is the mechanism explaining this effect: When participants felt psychologically close to someone who had behaved selfishly, they were more likely to consider the behavior to be less shame-worthy and less unethical; it was these lenient judgments that then led them to act more unethically themselves. These vicarious effects were moderated by whether the miscreant was identified with a photograph and by the type of behavior. Importantly, we establish a general process of vicariousness: psychological closeness produced both vicarious generosity and selfishness depending on the behavior of the person one feels psychologically connected to. These findings suggest an irony of psychological closeness: it can create distance from one’s own moral compass.