An Ethical Decision‐Making Model to Determine Authorship Credit in Published Faculty–Student Collaborations

Publishing research is imperative to both counselor educators and students in counseling programs. Furthermore, faculty–student publication collaborations can often be a mutually beneficial professional endeavor. However, determining order of authorship can be a complex ethical issue. The authors review prior research to illustrate the complexities of authorship and suggest a decision‐making model and considerations for preventing and resolving these ethical dilemmas. Implications for counselors include future research studies on complex issues regarding authorship of faculty–student collaborations, future incidence studies investigating occurrence of ethics violations, and incorporation of publication ethics into course work in counselor education programs.     

The Undecided Student: A Developmental Perspective

Student indecision regarding careers and college majors has been the focus of research studies for more than 50 years. Yet these students have indicated few significant differences between undecided and decided students. This article portrays undecided students as normal, growing, predictable individuals in various stages of vocational and cognitive development and discusses the use of developmental concepts in academic advising, career counseling, teaching, and administration.     

组织中心理契约违背理论的研究

1　什么是心理契约　　在企业的发展过程中 ,雇主和员工之间的关系并不是一纸契约就能完全包含的 ,而且由于环境、组织和个体的动态变化 ,雇佣关系也不可能全部通过契约加以明确规范。然而企业和员工却常常能找到决策的依据 ,并且各自行为常常具有相互可预测的特点 ,如同有一纸契约在加以规范 ,这就是心理契约。早在二十世纪六十年代 ,Argyris、Schein、Kotter等都对心理契约下了定义。如美国著名的管理学家E H Schein对心理契约下的定义是企业能清楚每个员工的发展期望 ,并满足之 ;而每个员工也为企业的发展做出全力奉献 ,因为他们相信…     

Psychological Defense Mechanisms: A New Perspective

Approaching psychological defense mechanisms from the perspective of an evolved strategy, it is proposed that there are two basic templates-dissociation and cognitive distortions. Frequently conceived of as pathological, these psychological phenomena actually constitute overlapping spectrums with milder manifestations being common and highly functional, and more severe variants less common and typically dysfunctional. Dissociation provides the capacity to adaptively detach from disturbing emotional states, and cognitive distortions place a positive ego-enhancing spin on experience. Most of the classical defense mechanisms described in the psychoanalytic literature represent a form of cognitive distortion with some containing strong elements of dissociation.     

The Psychology of the Employment Relationship: An Analysis Based on the Psychological Contract

On esquisse des perspectives conduisant à des changements dans les relations de travail et à la nécessité d'élaborer un cadre conceptuel convenant au monde actuel. La notion de contrat psychologique représente un modèle utile et l'on résume plusieurs études qui ont l'ont adoptée pour aborder certains aspects des relations de travail. A partir de ces investigations, on montre que le contrat psychologique doit être élargi pour accorder davantage de poids au contexte et à ce qui est décrit comme relevant du contenu même de ce contrat, à savoir les idées d'équité et de confiance qui résident au cœur des relations de travail. On présente un programme pour de futures recherches exploitant ce modèle.
Developments are outlined that are leading to changes in employment relations and to the need for a conceptual framework that has contemporary relevance. It is proposed that the psychological contract provides a useful framework, and different studies that have adopted the psychological contract to study aspects of employment relations are outlined. Building on these, it is argued that the psychological contract needs extending to give greater weight to context and to what is described as the state of the psychological contract, incorporating issues of fairness and trust that lie at the heart of employment relations. Based on this model, an agenda for future research is presented.     

无边界职业生涯时代的就业能力:一种新的心理契约

在无边界职业生涯时代,以雇员忠诚换取就业保障为特征的心理契约,正逐步被以绩效换取就业能力为特征的新的心理契约所取代。基于就业能力的心理契约管理要求组织通过沟通了解员工的期望和态度,给员工以更多的知识积累和学习机会,实施合理的组织策略,提升员工的就业能力。     

Skills and Tacit Skills: A Psychological Perspective

La notion d'habileté a différentes significations pour le psychologue et pour le sociologue. Nous avons essayé ici de donner une définition plus précise de cette notion d'un point de vue psychologique et ainsi de fourair une meilleure analyse de la notion d'habileté implicite. Nous avons aussi indiqué comment les concepts d'habileté et de technique sont articulés. Enfin, nous avons traité quelques aspects psychologiques du problème de l'évaluation des habiletés. Nous avons indiqué comment les changements introduits par les nouvelles technologies apportent un regain d'intérêt à ces problèmes et en même temps permettent des les étudier sous un nouvel angle.
The notion of skill has different meanings for the psychologist and the sociologist. We have attempted here to give a more precise definition of this notion from a psychological point of view and thus to provide a better analysis of the notion of tacit skill. We have also indicated how the concepts of skill and technique are articulated. Finally, we have dealt with some psychological aspects of the problem of skill evaluation. We have indicated how changes introduced by new technologies provide a new interest in these problems and at the same time allow them to be studied from a new angle.     

Retention,Role Modeling,and Academic Readiness: A Perspective on the Ethnic Minority Student in Higher Education

This article discusses retention, role modeling, and academic readiness as these issues relate to ethnic minority students in higher education. The central points of the discussion revolve around the need to stem the unusually high rates of attrition of minority students through academic role modeling and recognition of the concept of delayed academic readiness. Methods of implementing a mentor-student program are also suggested.     

Student Development Studies: A Review of Published Empirical Research, 1973–1987

This study is a review of 27 published empirical research articles from 1973–1987 that discuss the implementation and evaluation of theory-based student development intervention programs. While findings show that some student development programs have a positive effect, the total amount of empirical research is meager.     

Doctoral Student Selection in Counselor Education: A Multidimensional Assessment Strategy

The authors describe the selection process implemented by a counselor education department for screening doctoral applicants. This 2-day selection process is designed to assess each applicant in four areas: counseling skills, interpersonal effectiveness, level of professional knowledge, and credentials.     

The Psychological Citizen and the Two Concepts of Social Contract: A Preliminary Analysis

A shift in focus from the logical to the psychological social contract allows us to better explore the socialization of the psychological citizen, and the relationship between identity of individuals and the socio‐political order, with its particular group‐based inequalities. Traditional psychological studies have provided valuable insights into certain aspects of identity, but the new narrative research is leading to novel insights into longer term processes associated with the positioning of identity. The new approach recognizes the dual nature of mental processes and the integral role of context in individual development. Illustrative examples are discussed of the role of cultural carriers in the formation of identity, highlighting the infusion of the macrolevel normative system to thought and action at the microlevel of individuals.     

Deliberate Psychological Education Revisited: A Conversation with Norman Sprinthall

After a brief overview of the major constructs of DPE, this article presents an extensive interview with Norman Sprinthall about DPE's evolution and future directions.     

Scientists' Uncertainty and Disagreement about Global Climate Change: A Psychological Perspective

Since there are major gaps in scientific knowledge about the greenhouse effect, policy makers are forced to rely on scientists' judgments about the rate of climate change and its effects. It now appears that significant policy decisions will have to be made despite continuing uncertainty and disagreement among scientists. The best that policy makers can do is look for guidance in the best available expert judgment. But when the best experts express great uncertainty and disagree, as seems to be the case with the greenhouse effect, policy makers are unsure about how to proceed. Despite its importance, scientific judgment about the greenhouse effect has not been systematically studied. Psychological research on expert judgment and decision making provides theory, methods, and empirical results that can be used to study judgments based on uncertain and incomplete data and can help to explain the sources of expert uncertainty and disagreement regarding the greenhouse effect. Possible explanations are discussed.