共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 421 毫秒
1.
Dr. Caroline Whitbeck 《Science and engineering ethics》1995,1(3):299-308
In this paper I outline an “agent-centered” approach to learning ethics. The approach is “agent-centered” in that its central
aim is to prepare students toact wisely and responsibly when faced with moral problems. The methods characteristic of this approach are suitable for integrating
material on professional and research ethics into technical courses, as well as for free-standing ethics courses.
The analogy I draw between ethical problems and design problems clarifies the character of ethical problems as they are experienced
by those who must respond to them. It exposes the mistake, common in ethics teaching, of misrepresenting moral problems as
multiple-choice problems, especially in the form of ‘dilemmas’, that is, a forced choice between two unacceptable alternatives.
Furthermore, I clarify the importance for responsible practice of recognizing any ambiguity in the problem situation.
To foster in students the skills they need, teaching examples should preserve the open-ended, multiply-constrained, and ambiguous
character of problem situations as experienced by the agent. I give guidelines for constructing open-ended scenarios that
present moral problems much as an agent would experience them — guidelines which strongly influenced the construction of ‘cases’
in the latest edition of “On Being a Scientist” — and I discuss how to present historical cases and cases from the instructor’s
own experience to best foster agent-centered learning.
This paper is a modification of material originally included in the handbook which accompanied the AAAS Seminar “Teaching
Ethics in Science and Engineering”, 10–11 February 1993. 相似文献
2.
Porzsolt F Schlotz-Gorton N Biller-Andorno N Thim A Meissner K Roeckl-Wiedmann I Herzberger B Ziegler R Gaus W Pöppe E 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):119-132
Using placebos in day-to-day practice is an ethical problem. This paper summarises the available epidemiological evidence
to support this difficult decision. Based on these data we propose to differentiate between placebo and “knowledge framing”.
While the use of placebo should be confined to experimental settings in clinical trials, knowledge framing — which is only
conceptually different from placebo — is a desired, expected and necessary component of any doctor-patient encounter. Examples
from daily practice demonstrate both, the need to investigate the effects of knowledge framing and its impact on ethical,
medical, economical and legal decisions.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
3.
We argue that considering only a few ‘big’ ethical decisions in any engineering design process — both in education and practice
— only reinforces the mistaken idea of engineering design as a series of independent sub-problems. Using data collected in
engineering design organisations over a seven year period, we show how an ethical component to engineering decisions is much
more pervasive. We distinguish three types of ethical justification for engineering decisions: (1) consequential, (2) deontological
or non-consequential, and (3) virtue-based. We find that although there is some evidence for engineering designers as ‘classic’
consequentialists, a more egocentric consequentialism would appear more fitting. We also explain how the idea of a ‘folk ethics’
— a justification in the second category that consciously weighs one thing with another — fits with the idea of the engineering
design process as social negotiation rather than as technological progress. 相似文献
4.
Gereon Wolters 《Axiomathes》2009,19(4):481-508
In theoretical matters, ecclesiastical claims to knowledge have lead to various conflicts with science. Claims in orientational matters, sometimes connected to attempts to establish them as a rule for legislation, have often been in conflict with the
justified claims of non-believers. In addition they violate the Principle of Autonomy of the individual, which is at the very
heart of European identity so decisively shaped by the Enlightenment. The Principle of Autonomy implies that state legislation
should not interfere in the life of individual citizens, as long as his or her actions do not violate the rights of others.
This paper—using the example of the theory of evolution—rejects ecclesiastical claims to theoretical knowledge as completely
unfounded and preposterous. In the case of orientational knowledge—using the example of euthanasia—ecclesiastical claims to
(universalizable) knowledge are shown to be unfounded as well. The Church’s position with respect to euthanasia and a range
of other bio-ethical topics, such as pre-marital sex, contraception, abortion, indissolubility of marriage, and homosexuality,
rests on a very peculiar ethical position. This ethical position is the natural right theory, which—far from being universalizable—is
shared by very few people. Among other things, this position presupposes the belief in God as the creator of nature, and the
assumption that ethical norms can be derived from this premise. Thus ecclesiastical knowledge claims, cannot be justified
in a way which could be reasonably supposed to be universally acceptable. Kant (see the quote) was the first to require this
sort of justification. Claims that fail to implement Kant’s stipulations should be eliminated by what I would like to call
“Kant’s razor”. 相似文献
5.
Nanotechnology — A new field of ethical inquiry? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Grunwald A 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(2):187-201
Parallel to the public discussion on the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, a debate on the ethics of nanotechnology has
begun. It has been postulated that a new “nano-ethics” is necessary. In this debate, the — positive as well as negative —
visionary and speculative innovations which are brought into connection with nanotechnology stand in the foreground. In this
contribution, an attempt is made to discover new ethical aspects of nanotechnology in a more systematic manner than has been
the case. It turns out that there are hardly any completely new ethical aspects raised by nanotechnology. It is much rather
primarily a case of gradual shifts of emphasis and of relevance in questions which, in principle, are already known and which
give reason for ethical discussions on nanotechnology. In a certain manner, structurally novel ethical aspects arise through
the important role played by visions in the public discourse. New questions are also posed by the fact that previously separate
lines of ethical reflection converge in the field of nanotechnology. The proposal of an independent “nano-ethics”, however,
seems exaggerated. 相似文献
6.
7.
An increasing number of drugs removed from the market because of unacceptable toxicity raises concerns regarding preapproval
testing of drug safety. In the present paper it is postulated that the non-inferiority type of trial should be abandoned in
favor of the superiority trial with active controls and less stringent (p<0.1, both for efficacy and toxicity) statistics.
This approach will increase sensitivity of detection of drug-induced adverse effects at the expense of increasing false positive
results regarding the difference in efficacy between the tested and reference drug. Such a move will increase the protection
of future patients. In addition, the proposed design is far more acceptable from the clinical (e.g. no need to specify the
statistically expected “unimportant” number of deaths) and ethical points of view, as well as being favored by the strong
incentive of involved parties. In the second part of this paper arguments are presented in favor of the hypothesis that placebo
(still used in some superiority trials) does not induce adverse effects. The assertion that placebo may induce adverse effects
is probably biased by the nature of the clinical experiment. Such a conclusion is supported by studies indicating that placebo-induced
adverse effects are disease — and treatment — specific. The modification of clinical trials according to the proposed changes
may increase the trials’ sensitivity at detecting adverse effects of drugs.
A lecture on the subject of this paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The
Responsible Conduct of Basic and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005. 相似文献
8.
Hayden Ramsay 《Sophia》2001,40(2):15-29
The paper presents Aquinas’s account of conscience, and argues that key elements of this account are key elements too of Aristotle’s
moral theory. The paper’s purpose is to encourage debate over conscience as not only a Stoic/Christian concept but one with
deeper— and more widespread—roots in western ethical tradition. 相似文献
9.
Steven Crowell 《Synthese》2008,160(3):335-354
This paper argues that transcendental phenomenology (here represented by Edmund Husserl) can accommodate the main thesis of
semantic externalism, namely, that intentional content is not simply a matter of what is ‘in the head,’ but depends on how
the world is. I first introduce the semantic problem as an issue of how linguistic tokens or mental states can have ‘content’—that
is, how they can set up conditions of satisfaction or be responsive to norms such that they can succeed or fail at referring.
The standard representationalist view—which thinks of the problem in first-person terms—is contrasted with Brandom’s pragmatic
inferentialist approach, which adopts a third-person stance. The rest of the paper defends a phenomenological version of the
representationalist position (seeking to preserve its first-person stance) but offers a conception of representation that
does not identify it with an entity ‘in the head.’ The standard view of Husserl as a Cartesian internalist is undermined by
rejecting its fundamental assumption—that Husserl’s concept of the ‘noema’ is a mental entity—and by defending a concept of
‘phenomenological immanence’ that has a normative, rather than a psychological, structure. Finally, it is argued that phenomenological
immanence cannot be identified with ‘consciousness’ in Husserl’s sense, though consciousness is a necessary condition for
it. 相似文献
10.
In latter-day discussions on corporate morality, duties of commission are fiercely debated. Moral institutionalists argue
that duties of commission—such as a duty of assistance—overstep the boundaries of moral duty owed by economic agents. “Moral
institutionalism” is a newly coined term for a familiar position on market morality. It maintains that market morality ought
to be restricted, excluding all duties of commission. Neo-Classical thinkers such as Baumol and Homann defend it most eloquently.
They underpin their position with concerns that go to the core of liberalism—the dominant western political theory that sustains
the ideals of both the free market and the free, rational person. Those authors claim that liberalism calls for a fully differentiated
market because it resents the politicization of the market. Fully differentiated markets exclude duties of commission. They
also claim that full differentiation of the market closes the troublesome gap between moral motivation and moral virtue. Full
differentiation redeems the promise of “easy virtue”. In this paper moral institutionalism will be rejected from a Kantian
point of view, mostly inspired by Herman’s thesis on the invisibility of morality. Liberalism may perhaps ban the politicization
of the market; it does not forbid its moralization. The idea of a fully differentiated market must also be rejected because
it is either morally over-demanding (to the morally autonomous person) or morally hazardous (to the person with failing moral
motivation). Contrary to what the moral institutionalists claim, right action, morally, is actually quite difficult in fully
differentiated markets. 相似文献
11.
The ethical implications of the new research paradigm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Scott P 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(1):73-84
Research is now an increasingly heterogeneous activity involving an expanded range of new actors and stake-holders and employing
an eclectic range of epistemologies and methodologies. The emergence of these new research paradigms — and, in particular,
of so-called ‘Mode 2’ knowledge production that is highly contextualised and socially distributed — raises new and challenging
ethical issues and also important questions about the autonomy of science and the social responsibilities of scientists. 相似文献
12.
In this paper we describe and explore a management tool called the Caux Round Table Self-Assessment and Improvement Process
(SAIP). Based upon the Caux Round Table Principles for Business — a stakeholder-based, transcultural statement of business
values — the SAIP assists executives with the task of shaping their firm’s conscience through an organizational self-appraisal
process. This process is modeled after the self-assessment methodology pioneered by the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality
Award Program.
After briefly describing the SAIP, we address three topics. First, we examine similarities and differences between the Baldrige
approach to corporate self-assessment and the self-assessment process utilized within the SAIP. Second, we report initial
findings from two beta tests of the tool. These illustrate both the SAIP’s ability to help organizations strengthen their
commitment to ethically responsible conduct, and some of the tool’s limitations. Third, we briefly analyze various dimensions
of the business scandals of 2001–2002 (Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, etc.) in light of the ethical requirements articulated with
the SAIP. This analysis suggests that the SAIP can help link the current concerns of stakeholders — for example, investors
and the general public — to organizational practice, by providing companies with a practical way to incorporate critical lessons
from these unfortunate events.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献
13.
Andrew F. Smith 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2012,71(3):205-219
Stephen Carter argues that biblical literalism is predicated on an epistemological position drastically different than that maintained by mainstream scientists inasmuch as it operates on the basis of a “hermeneutic of inerrancy” with respect to the ideas laid out in the Bible. By relying on considerations offered by Charles Taylor and recent sociological studies, I contend that Carter’s thesis is incorrect. The divide between proponents and opponents of biblical literalism is ethical rather than epistemological. Beyond the philosophical implications of my contention, this displays that deliberative engagement between these parties—which depends on shared epistemological norms—is possible in principle. 相似文献
14.
15.
Dana E. Katz 《Jewish History》2010,24(2):127-153
On 29 March 1516 the Venetian Senate ordered all Jews residing in the city to move behind the walls of the ghetto. The mandate
stipulated that Jews would be watched by Christian guards twenty-four hours a day and restricted by a nighttime curfew. In
such a surveilled space, Venice’s ghetto windows played an integral role in the complex and interactive networks constituting
the city and its constituency. The singular status of ghetto architecture—especially the injunctions regarding its fenestration—provides
an opportunity to explore the processes of ghettoization that partitioned a population and monitored the activities of Jews
and Christians alike. Windows produced spatial occasions for looking and being looked at that reinforced social difference
and created profound cultural fissures. This article studies the windows of the Venetian ghetto and the city’s ongoing claims
to obstruct them in the early modern period. To study the window is to study the demarcation between public good and private
plurality, between the citizen and the subordinated Other. 相似文献
16.
Pierre Desrochers 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2001,14(1):103-113
Conclusion Despite all the hyperbole, Natural Capitalism is not a great book and even less of a radical concept. Indeed, the "natural" is wholly unnecessary, for most of its "radical
insights" amounts to nothing more than a rediscovery of the fundamental tenets of a market economy. Good capitalist entrepreneurs
have always been able to figure out that pollution and waste are both inefficient and expensive. They never needed government
officials or business consultants to tell them that you can do well financially and environmentally at the same time. In spite
of all this, if Natural Capitalism succeeds in convincing a large segment of the population that economic growth needn’t coincide with environmental degradation,
it will have played a useful role—perhaps one that long-time advocates of market economies simply cannot play. One nonetheless
hopes that Hawken and the Lovins will one day take a good look at what their ancestors achieved and give some credit to writers
who made all of their good points—and most of their bad ones—long before they were born.
He received his Ph.D. in Geography from the University of Montreal and recently completed a two year post-doctoral fellowship
at the Johns Hopkins University. His main research interests are environmental and economic development issues and intellectual
property. Much of the research leading to this article was completed while the author was a research fellow at the Political
Economy Research Center (Bozeman, Montana) in the Summer of 2000. 相似文献
17.
Jesper Ryberg 《Res Publica》2010,16(2):99-100
The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to a challenge—referred to as the threshold challenge—facing a non-absolutist retributivist view on international criminal justice. It is argued, on the one hand, that this challenge
constitutes a practically pertinent problem for the retributivist approach to the punishment of mass crimes and, on the other,
that it is very hard to imagine any principled way of meeting this challenge. 相似文献
18.
Lauren Bartlett P. Aarne Vesilind Professor P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):191-201
The complexity of chromium chemistry makes it an ideal example of how the Principle of Expediency, first articulated by sanitary
pioneer Earle Phelps, can be used in a standard setting. Expediency, defined by Phelps as “the attempt to reduce the numerical
measure of probable harm, or the logical measure of existing hazard, to the lowest level that is practicable and feasible
within the limitations of financial resources and engineering skill”, can take on negative connotations unless subject to
ethical guidance. In this paper we argue that without ethical principles as a rubric for negotiating environmental regulations,
communities run the risk of slipping from the Principle of Expediency as defined by Phelps to the alternative usage of expediency
meaning that which does not reflect ethical consideration or concern beyond self-serving interest. Three ethical ideals—justice,
mercy and humility—are suggested as values to be considered while resolving regulatory issues related to environmental protection.
The Principle of Expediency serves as a working principle, but not as a rigid algorithm, for setting regulatory limits for
environmental concentrations of waste products like chromium.
This paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree by Lauren Bartlett, Duke University,
1997.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
19.
Thomas Faunce 《Nanoethics》2012,6(1):15-27
Environmental and public health-focused sciences are increasingly characterised as constituting an emerging discipline—planetary
medicine. From a governance perspective, the ethical components of that discipline may usefully be viewed as bestowing upon
our ailing natural environment the symbolic moral status of a patient. Such components emphasise, for example, the origins
and content of professional and social virtues and related ethical principles needed to promote global governance systems
and policies that reduce ecological stresses and pathologies derived from human overpopulation, selfishness and greed—such
as pollution, loss of biodiversity, deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as provide necessary energy, water
and food security. Less well explored in this context, however, is the ethics that should underpin global use of emerging
technologies such as nanotechnology as forms of planetary therapeutics. Nanotechnology may be particularly important, for
instance, as a mechanism for improving upon photosynthesis and engineering it into human structures for localised production
of carbon-neutral hydrogen based-fuel and carbohydrate-based food and fertilizer. Artificial photosynthesis, because of its
unique and widespread public and environmental benefits in this period of human history, may even be termed the moral culmination
of nanotechnology, assisting this planet to move beyond the Anthropocene epoch to that of the Sustainocene. This paper explores
practical steps towards planetary nanomedicine involving governance of artificial photosynthesis, including a UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Bioethics and Human Rights of Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis (Global Solar Fuels and Foods). 相似文献
20.
Jansen B 《Science and engineering ethics》2002,8(3):319-325
When confronting the issues related to developments in modern medicine and biotechnology, we must repeatedly ask ourselves
anew what can and cannot be justified in an ethical sense. For radically new ethical questions seem to arise through innovative
techniques such as stem cell research or preimplantation diagnosis — and with them new areas of conflicting interests. If
one scrutinizes the previous positions related to this subject, it becomes conspicuous that a multitude of questions has quickly
piled up — however, (as in the case of Germany) comprehensive and differentiated views have mostly been lacking.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance
in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002. 相似文献