孔子宗教观探析

表面上看来,孔子宗教观具有模糊性和复杂性,交织着理性和非理性、去魅和蒙昧等多种令人费解的矛盾因素。然而,若能用中庸之道去洞察,孔子的宗教观又变得那么明晰而睿智。就其本质而言,孔子宗教观旨在实现人生的意义和庄严。为此,孔子一方面削弱天命的力量,将人从当时神权的普遍束缚中解放出来;将外加于人的他律转化为内在于人心的自觉。另一方面,他又通过"生养死祭"的"孝道"将社会伦理神圣化,使人在自觉践行神圣伦理中实现自我完善、自我超越。这样,在"神圣"光环的照耀下,人生不仅具有了现实意义,而且也获得了终极的关切;人与人、人与社会的关系也在这种温情脉脉中趋于和谐。     

孔子“畏天命”新释

孔子天命思想与仁的思想有内在的联系。天命具有崇高性和权威性,仁具有德性的生发力。天命是仁的超越的、外在的表现方式;仁是人之为人的内在的生命之源。因此,在形式上,孔子畏天命是因为天命具有道德的至上性,而在本质上,天命对人之成德所具有的促动作用是因为仁的内在动力。因此,孔子敬畏天命最根本的原因在于他实现内在仁德要求时所产生的紧迫感。     

孔子生态伦理思想发微

孔子最早阐述了儒家生态伦理思想。主要有 :“知命畏天”的生态伦理意识、“乐山乐水”的生态伦理情怀、“弋不射宿”的生态资源节用观。这些思想为我们今天正确认识人与自然的关系 ,保护生态环境提供了有益的精神资源。     

论孔子的信仰

在20世纪的中国思想史中,孔子的信仰问题很大程度被遮蔽了,对孔子信仰的诠释表现为一个除魅过程,其结果不但遗失孔子信仰的真意,且将孔子学说中的宗教信仰和人文理性这两个不可分割的面向对立起来.本文对以往学术界有关孔子天命观的几种主要解释范式进行辨析,指出其解读方法上的不足,并从信仰对象、信仰态度、信仰的情感及人格塑造等方面解读孔子信仰的内涵,力图还原孔子信仰的本来意蕴.另从中国古代宗教史的角度探讨了孔子所以敬鬼神而远之的原因,揭示其天命信仰与鬼神观的关系,突显孔子天命信仰所具有的伦理宗教特质.     

孔子“未知生,焉知死”考论

"未知生,焉知死"是孔子对子路"问死"的回应,反问句的形式导致历来阐释者众多而莫衷一是。古今主要解读之得失,皆在于对"知生"与"知死"的理解。通过语言分析,辅以《论语》之内证进行释读,可以发现这句话有"知生"方能"知死"的含义。在此基础上对"知生"与"知死"作进一步的解析,则二者之含义得以明确。"知生"的深层含义是"知命","知死"则是知晓如何对待自身之死。孔子之所以不直言"知命",一为语言修辞之故,二则"命"只能在"生"之体验中获知,同时也只能在此世现实的人生中完成。     

学而优则仕:人的政治天命——对孔子政治思想的一种哲学理解

孔子一生追求"学而优则仕",但他理解的政治与俗常政治迥异其趣。他辞官以表达对好利无德的为政者的不赞同,并从"道""德"出发去理解政治的本性。他认为政治不只意味着官职或行使权力,而是将"为政"理解为伦常道德实践,把政治与人的本性本原地联系在一起,使政治朝向"道"。孔子认为,人是一个不断生成的存在,因其不断践行伦常道德而成为真正的人,人的本性就是弘道。孔子指出政治的本性由人的本性决定,政治是人成为人的最根本方式,为政就是人的天命。在形而上层面,孔子确立人人拥有政治权利的全民政治;在形而下层面,孔子确立"学而优则仕"的精英政治。在孔子心中,人"知天命"而好学才能真正获得从事具体政治事务的资格与能力。     

“子谓《韶》”章辨正——孔子思想中的艺术和伦理

关于《武》未尽善的原因,历来的主流观点是:周武以征伐取天下,不如虞舜揖让而受。此观点或导向德由天授,或导向仁义两难,这显然与孔子的思想相悖。除此之外,古今学者又提出了未致太平说和声淫及商说,这两种解释同样各有漏洞。考察《论语》中善字的用法,可以得出:尽善并不是指道德无亏,而是指达到完满的境界。进一步分析表明,美与真的统一是实现尽善的途径,《武》乐因夸饰伐纣的正义性而有违于此,所以孔子称其未尽善。在孔子的理想中,美具有伦理的意义,伦理具有审美的价值。     

五四新文化运动与孔子观念的根本转折

五四新文化运动中的孔子观念需作系统的梳理与分析。五四新文化运动的健将们主要是基于对尊孔派的反感和伦理、文化上的彻底觉悟而发起了对孔子与孔家店集中而猛烈的批评与攻击。他们所批判的主要是孔子的偶像 ,而并不反对孔子本人 ,破除孔子偶像的束缚而使人们的思想从权威和偏见中彻底解放出来 ,这是新文化运动最重要的历史功绩 ;他们虽不反对孔子本人 ,但对孔子与孔子之道采取的是一种社会语境决定论的或历史化的诠释与读解的态度 ,故带来了孔子观念的根本转折。     

天命·仁·正名知言——孔子思想散论

从根本上讲,孔子思想学说是关于现实的人的生命活动和生命存在的生命哲学.“天命”观、仁论、政治一文明史观、正名知言说是支撑起孔子生命哲学大厦的四大支柱.孔子“天命”观把人的政治生命活动和政治生命存在作为现实的人的生命活动和生命存在最高的和理想的形式.孔子仁论探讨了现实的人的生命存在本质上的分裂性和辩证地复归于整全的可能性,仁本身构成了现实的人的生命活动和生命存在既分裂又统一的矛盾性特征.以“文质彬彬”为理想社会目标的政治一文明史观,是孔子“天命”观和仁论的中介,也是使二者成为可能的历史一现实基础.孔子从人的政治生命活动和政治生命存在现实中经验到和体悟到的、并且理性抽象而来的正名知言说,是孔子生命哲学的归宿,并且使孔子成为中国古代历史上唯一一个高度重视语言对于存在的意义的哲学家.对《论语》中孔子言语的理解,关键在于解读者个人的本己性体悟,引经据典式的解读不能激活孔子生命哲学、从而使其具有此在当下性质.     

孔子与孔府文学

以孔子为代表的儒家学说对中国社会和中国人的精神世界产生了巨大而深远的影响,与此同时,孔子也是孔氏家族文化的奠基者和缔造者,一代又一代孔氏圣裔以崇敬、守成的态度传承着孔子的思想和精神,文学创作就是一个重要载体。在对以孔子为起点的孔氏家族文学活动进行考察后发现,孔子后裔在思维方式、生存态度、价值取向以及审美追求等方面都带有孔子思想的鲜明烙印。孔氏圣裔的文学创作自觉将个体情感诉求纳入到社会纲常伦理框架之中,并呈现出中和优雅的风貌。     

《论语》与易学

《论语》是考证孔子与《周易》关系的第一手材料。其包含的易学思想主要有(一)天道观,认为时空是无限的,天地运行自有规律性;(二)中和思想,认为日常生活和政治生活都要持中,不能过头;(三)刚柔之说．认为刚柔是万物无不具有的内在因索,主张刚贵柔贱。     

医患间的人际冲突与管理策略

医患间人际冲突是影响医患关系的重要因素,它对医患关系不仅能够产生消极的结果,还能够产生建设性的结果。分析了医患间人际冲突的本质、来源、影响以及冲突管理策略,旨在促进人们通过理解冲突的本质和产生的原因,实行有效的冲突管理策略,使冲突得到建设性解决,促进良好的医患关系的建立。     

Adjustments to Local Friction in Multifinger Prehension

The authors studied the effects of surface friction at the digit-object interface on digit forces and moments when 12 participants statically held an object in a 5-digit grasp. The authors changed low-friction contact (LFC) with rayon and high-friction contact (HFC) with sandpaper independently for each digit in all 32 possible combinations. Normal forces of the thumb and virtual finger (VF), an imagined finger with a mechanical effect equal to that of the 4 fingers, increased with the thumb at LFC or with an increase in the number of fingers at LFC. When the thumb was at LFC, the thumb tangential force decreased. The VF tangential force decreased when the number of fingers at LFC increased. The interaction of the local responses to friction and the synergic responses necessary to maintain the equilibrium explain the coordination of individual digit forces.     

Young Muslim Women in France: Cultural and Psychological Adjustments

Even though France has experienced increasing and inevitable feminization in its immigrant population since 1974, research has tended to ignore the role of immigrant women, especially Muslim women, in the migration process. Public attention has been diverted by concern over such relatively marginal issues as the headscarf affair, and insufficient attention has been paid to the important role Muslim women play in France, especially those coming from Algeria. These women function as cultural mediators between the traditional culture of the sending country and the modern one of the host country. They see themselves as both tradition-bearers and integration proponents. The demands of immigration have given rise to the growth and development of different leaders, among them cultural mediators seeking a bridge between Islam and modernity, economic mediators seeking to establish women in the media and as entrepreneurs, and political mediators who seek access to power at the local level for the immigrants. These new mediators will eventually shape a new generation of female actors very far from the traditional countries of origin, although for the time being they still suffer from the inequality of rights for women and chances in their overall social life.     

Changes in Multidigit Synergies and Their Feed-Forward Adjustments in Multiple Sclerosis

The authors explored the changes in multidigit synergies in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. The specific hypotheses were that both synergy indices and anticipatory synergy adjustments prior to the initiation of a self-paced quick action would be diminished in the patients compared to age-matched controls. The MS patients and age-matched controls (n = 13 in both groups) performed one-finger and multifinger force production tasks involving both accurate steady-state force production and quick force pulses. The patients showed significantly lower maximal finger forces and a tendency toward slower force pulses. Enslaving was increased in MS, but only in the lateral fingers (index and little). Indices of multifinger synergies during steady-state force production were lower in MS, mainly due to the lower amount of intertrial variance that did not affect total force. Anticipatory synergy adjustments were significantly delayed in MS. The results show that MS leads to significant changes in multidigit synergies and feed-forward adjustments of the synergies prior to a quick action. The authors discuss possible contributions of subcortical structures to the impaired synergic control.     

亲密关系中的日常冲突及其解决

亲密关系中的日常冲突常常会影响关系的质量,解决不好可能会导致关系恶化。本文回顾了亲密关系冲突研究的进程,特别对亲密关系日常冲突产生的原因、发展过程、冲突中的行为、解决冲突的方式等做了简要介绍。     

The Art of Becoming Human: Morality in Kant and Confucius

Kant and Confucius maintain that the art of becoming human is synonymous with the unending process of becoming moral. According to Kant, I must imagine a world in which the universality of my maxims were possible, while realizing that if such a world existed, then morality would disappear. Morality is an impossible possibility because it always meets resistance in our encounter with nature. According to Confucius, human beings become moral by integrating themselves into the already meaningful natural order that is tian 天. Like Kant, he upholds the dignity of human beings. For Kant this dignity rests on the autonomy of each human being’s reason, while for Confucius it is dependent upon our interconnection with each other, demanding ongoing self-extension. Despite these differences, the two thinkers would concur that our efforts at humanization are unceasing and that we may never fully live up to our human potential.