国内同行关于异体颜面移植的讨论

换脸术为严重毁容患者重获美容带来了新希望.但是就像很多新生事物一样,在国内引起了激烈的争论.我们以丁香园上的帖子为基础,对国内同行的争论进行了总结,以期对异体颜面移植这一成果有一深入的认识.通过初步分析可以看出,虽然对于这一课题争论比较大,但是广大医护人员还是认可此次手术,并认为这是创新.     

换脸术几个问题的理性思考

换脸术是目前国内外争论的一个焦点,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为严重毁容患者带来了重新获得美容的希望。但是目前还有很多问题需要进一步。在远期疗效尚未肯定的情况下,作为医务工作者,我们需要加强自身修养和伦理道德教育,做出正确的决定,并不断进行相关研究,最终广泛应用于临床,造福于人类。     

换脸术几个问题的理性思考

换脸术是目前国内外争论的一个焦点,是异体器官移植领域内新的突破,为严重毁容患者带来了重新获得美容的希望.但是目前还有很多问题需要进一步.在远期疗效尚未肯定的情况下,作为医务工作者,我们需要加强自身修养和伦理道德教育,做出正确的决定,并不断进行相关研究,最终广泛应用于临床,造福于人类.     

辩证法、认识论和逻辑三者同一原理研究综述

辩证法、认识论和逻辑三者同一原理是列宁明确提出来的。从五十年代迄今,我国哲学工作者对这一原理进行了长期的研讨,发表了大量的论文,但是,至今在对这一原理的理解上仍未取得一致的看法。这一原理之所以引起哲学工作者的极大重视,是因为它直接涉及马克思主义哲学的基本性质,涉及列宁的哲学贡献,以及马克思主义哲学中的一系列争论问题。近几年,关于马克思主义哲学体系问题、辩证法体系问题、认识论问题,以及辩证逻辑能否作为独立学科存在的问题等争论,都和对这一原理的理解有关。因此,继续深入研究列宁的     

西方辩证逻辑研究现状

辩证逻辑学科本身及其对象和范围等等,在国内逻辑界有争论。本文介绍了西方对这一学科的研究状况,供参考。西方逻辑学界对辩证逻辑基本上是持否定的态度。他们习惯把辩证逻辑叫做"苏联逻辑",而把形式逻辑叫做古典逻辑。     

知识表征的新观点--知觉符号理论

在认知科学中一个经典的争论是知识在人的头脑中是如何表征的。其中占主流的理论一直是命题符号理论,而最近Barsalou又提出了一种新的观点——知觉符号理论。本文对这一新理论做了介绍,阐述了它的主要特征,比较了它与命题符号理论的差异,并提供了现今对这一理论的实验证实。希望借此能启发国内的研究者也来关注和研究这一理论。     

经济发展的价值评判问题

对经济发展的价值评判乃是当代世界所面临的最重要、最具现实性的问题之一。在这方面不仅出现了众多的意见分歧,而且还引发了各种激烈的争论。毫无疑问,这一问题对于我们来说,随着经济的高速增长和社会生活的相应变化,其意义也势必日益凸现出来。虽然这一世界性的问题在我们面前所展现的意义将是非常特殊的,但是对问题之一般性质的理解却仍然是十分必要的。这不仅是因为我们的未来发展将不可避免地出现在“世界历史”的背景和过程中,而且还因为我国自近代以来围绕着这一主题已出现了众多的文化争论,以致于我们必须在原则的高度上才能…     

坚持辩证唯物主义才能划清同唯心主义的界限

分歧继续存在着于世诚同志在《哲学研究》1962年第三期上发表的文章,是两年多前开始的争论的继续。但是这篇文章本身也表明,那次争论不是没有成果的,至少弄清了这样一个问题:对立统一规律是适用于思维和存在的关系的,否认思维和存在的矛盾同一性的论点是错误的。本来于世诚同志在他的第二篇讨论文章里似乎也想改正他这个论点,但是提得比较含混,而且声明这只是“个别提法”。现在他明白地承认了错误,并且也说“这是一个很重要的问题”。这样看来,在这个问题上似乎没有什么可争论的了。     

拉比犹太教探源

拉比犹太教是一个阶段性宗教,这一课题在国内鲜有人问津。由于资料缺乏等原因,它起源于何时,何时终结,至今在学术界争论不断。本文在总结国内外学者观点的基础上,意在对拉比犹太教的源头进行详细探讨,同时对拉比犹太教的内涵进行简单梳理。     

什么是科学说明 萨尔蒙S-R说明模型初探

科学说明是科学的最重要特征之一,因而也是科学哲学的重要课题。长期以来,科学哲学家提出了形形色色的科学说明理论,彼此之间展开了热烈而持久的争论。这种争论在近十余年来似乎变得越来越尖锐,分歧也越来越大,这部分地是由于科学哲学家开始认识到科学说明本身的极端复杂性,部分地则是因为说明研究者各自的哲学立场和倾向大不相同。我们刊登选译的几位科学哲学家有代表性的对科学说明的不同看法。我们希望通过这组文章能够勾画出这场争论的轮廓,有助于国内对这方面问题的研究。本组文章主要是在武汉大学江天骥教授指导下选编的,陆健体负责具体选编工作,责任编辑鲁旭东。     

伦理豁免刍议

伦理豁免,是在一定的伦理尤其是亲属关系(一定程度上包括朋友关系)中,在究竟是履行伦理的义务、还是履行法律的义务之间,人们陷入紧张冲突甚至两难的情况下,被法律赋予一定的特殊权利,得依法免除法定的义务、责任甚至罪责。中华伦理、中华法系以伦理豁免来解决伦理、法律的矛盾,有宝贵的理论和实践;其中蕴涵的基本价值是,通过维护伦理,从根本上维护社会秩序。伦理豁免对今天解决伦理、法律之两难,仍是宝贵的智慧。     

Nanotechnology — A new field of ethical inquiry?

Parallel to the public discussion on the benefits and risks of nanotechnology, a debate on the ethics of nanotechnology has begun. It has been postulated that a new “nano-ethics” is necessary. In this debate, the — positive as well as negative — visionary and speculative innovations which are brought into connection with nanotechnology stand in the foreground. In this contribution, an attempt is made to discover new ethical aspects of nanotechnology in a more systematic manner than has been the case. It turns out that there are hardly any completely new ethical aspects raised by nanotechnology. It is much rather primarily a case of gradual shifts of emphasis and of relevance in questions which, in principle, are already known and which give reason for ethical discussions on nanotechnology. In a certain manner, structurally novel ethical aspects arise through the important role played by visions in the public discourse. New questions are also posed by the fact that previously separate lines of ethical reflection converge in the field of nanotechnology. The proposal of an independent “nano-ethics”, however, seems exaggerated.     

代际伦理：一个新的伦理维度

代际关系问题已经成为现代社会的一个突出问题,它使社会关系的纵横结构更加复杂。蕴藏于代际关系之中并作为代际关系之重要方面的代际伦理也就成为了现代社会的一个新的伦理维度。代际伦理的各种问题已成为现代伦理学所面临的崭新课题。     

Reporting ethical practices in journal articles

Little attention has focused on the reporting of ethical research practices in journal articles. In Study 1, published articles in 2 psychopathology journals were reviewed to ascertain the types of ethical research information that were reported. In Study 2, a survey was sent to authors in Study 1 to determine which ethical practices they engaged in, if they reported this information, and reasons for not including this information in their article. In general, there is a great variability regarding the types of ethical research practices reported in journal articles. Commonly cited reasons for not including ethical research practice information in the articles included the need for brevity, belief that it was common practice, and lack of relevance for the project. These results suggest that there is no standard practice for reporting research practices in journal articles and great variability in the implementation of procedures that are generally considered standard.     

Answering the Ethical Question

Many philosophers have attempted to answer the ‘ethical question’: can the ethical value of an artwork ever contribute to its aesthetic value, and if so, how? In this paper, I consider a methodological question that arises out of this discussion: should attempts to address the ethical question use analytic tools found in contemporary philosophical literature, art criticism, or some combination of the two? I concur with arguments proposed elsewhere, which suggest that art criticism has an important role to play in addressing the ethical question. However, I argue that any fruitful attempt to answer the question must defend some particular way of understanding the ethical value of artworks, which suggests that we should address what I label the ‘art question’: what is the role and importance of art? This question, I suggest, is one with which philosophers can usefully engage. This division of labour offers a way forward in addressing this important issue.     

RELIGIOUS ETHICS AND EMPIRICAL ETHICS

In recent decades, cognitive and behavioral scientists have learned a great deal about how people think and behave. On the most general level, there is a basic consensus that many judgments, including ethical judgments, are made by intuitive, even unconscious, impulses. This basic insight has opened the door to a wide variety of more particular studies that investigate how judgments are influenced by group identity, self‐conception, emotions, perceptions of risk, and many other factors. When these forms of research engage ethical issues, they are sometimes called empirical ethics. This essay argues that the field of religious ethics would benefit from a more robust engagement with empirical ethics than it has thus far undertaken. In doing so, it offers a brief account of how issues of moral psychology and moral anthropology have been treated in religious ethics, and it highlights ways that the scientific findings challenge some prevailing norms in religious ethics. It ends by suggesting avenues by which religious ethics research could productively engage empirical ethics.     

The Ethical Implications of Considering Neurolaw as a New Power

Caution is one of the orienting principles of neuroscience’s advance in different social spheres. This article shows the importance of maintaining caution in the area of neurolaw because of its risk of becoming a new power that is free from ethical discussion. The article’s objective is to note the principal ethical implications and limitations of neurolaw in light of six cases in which neuroscientific evidence was used in distinct ways. This study seeks to examine the precautions that should be taken in regard to the advance of neurolaw so as not to lose sight of its emancipatory interest.     

Is Nanotechnology Giving Rise to New Ethical Problems?

In this paper I focus on the question of whether nanotechnology is giving rise to new ethical problems rather than merely to new instances of old ethical problems. Firstly, I demonstrate how important it is to make a general distinction between new ethical problems and new instances of old problems. Secondly, I propose one possible way of interpreting the distinction and offer a definition of a “new ethical problem”. Thirdly, I examine whether there is good reason to claim that nanotechnology is giving or will give rise to new ethical problems. My conclusion is that there are no new ethical problems in nanotechnology but merely new occurrences of certain well-known types of ethical problems. Fourthly, I consider three arguments by van de Poel (NanoEthics 2:25–28, 2008) which contradict my conclusion. I argue that my negative conclusion is consistent with the claim that certain ethical issues arising in nanotechnology may require new normative standards or new analytical tools. I conclude that it is likely that a number of ethical issues arising in nanotechnology will have a considerable impact on our ethical theories and values – and that ethical reflection on nanotechnology will be one of the mother lodes of future ethical research – in spite of the fact that no ethical problem in nanoethics will actually be “new”.     

GENRE AND PERSUASION IN RELIGIOUS ETHICS An Introduction

Issues of genre and persuasion are central to ethical thought and practice. Until recently, there has been an asymmetry between religious ethics and moral philosophy in regard to these issues. Renewed attention to these issues in moral philosophy creates a new context for their consideration in religious ethics—one in which the relation of religious ethics and moral philosophy is less determinate than it has been in previous discussions. The four essays that comprise this Focus Section reflect this new context while also making new contributions to perennial concerns of genre in ethical thought and practice.