105例额叶、非额叶肿瘤患者词语流畅性作业的比较研究

让４８例额叶肿瘤患者,２６例颞叶肿瘤患者,２６例顶枕叶肿瘤患者,５例额颞肿瘤或颞顶肿瘤患者（全部病人分为左脑肿瘤５６例,右脑肿瘤４９例）说同类词,说非其类词及Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ测验。结果表明：１．额叶组说同类词总和明显低于颞叶组。２．额叶组读色字及读字色两项任务所用时间明显长于颞叶组及顶枕叶组。３．额叶组读色字及字色出现的错误频率明显高于正常人组及顶枕叶组。４．左脑肿瘤组说同类词及读黑色、色字及颜色命名的成绩明显低于右脑肿瘤组。资料提示：额叶肿瘤比颞叶与顶枕叶肿瘤、左脑肿瘤比右脑肿瘤更容易影响被试的词语记忆能力、选择性注意能力及分类归属能力。     

中美成人基本认知能力的年龄差异

为了研究中关成人基本认知能力的年龄差异,采用西亚图纵向研究模型的方法对中关被试5种基本认知能力进行测量。结果发现,不同文化下5种能力的成绩存在显著的年龄差异。并且这种差异不能完全用教育上的差异来解释。年龄较大被试在所有基本能力测验上成绩较低。男性被试在归纳推理、空间和数字能力上成绩较好,女性被试在语义和词语流畅性测验上成绩较好。研究表明文化环境和历史等因素对成人认知发展具有一定的影响。     

负性情绪词语在外显和内隐记忆测验中的定向遗忘效应

以两类具有不同负性情绪强度值的高频汉语双字词为材料,采用项目法定向遗忘范式,探究负性情绪词语在外显和内隐记忆测验中是否存在定向遗忘效应。结果显示,(1)在外显记忆测验中,强、弱负性词均出现了显著的定向遗忘并且弱负性词的定向遗忘效应大于强负性词;(2)在内隐记忆测验中,只有弱负性词出现了显著的定向遗忘,而强负性词则无。可见,内隐记忆测验中的定向遗忘效应对负性信息比外显记忆测验更加敏感。     

策略训练对改善老年人词语记忆的作用

本研究采用词的自由回忆、字的自由回忆和联想学习三项作业,分别以归类复述法,联系法和制造联系法进行训练,受试者为老年人60例(平均66.5岁),青年人40例(平均26.8岁),按初测成绩和年龄,文化因素各均分为训练组和对照组。结果:(1)老年组记忆成绩显著较青年组差;(2)老年训练组和青年训练组训练后记忆成绩明显提高;(3)老年训练组训练后记忆成绩相当于未训练的青年组,和训练后的青年组的差距也有所缩小;(4)初测时老年比青年运用记忆策略的显著少些。训练后老年组和青年组运用策略者都显著增多,但前者善用方法的仍少些。运用方法和记忆成绩有显著关系。(5)较少主动运用方法是老年人对信息编码障碍的重要表现,这个缺点可以通过训练得到改善。但编码障碍可能只是老年人记忆障碍的一个原因。     

早老性痴呆病人早期记忆损害的检测方法

采用词语延迟回忆、记忆广度和双任务工作记忆测验,研究可能用于检测(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)早期记忆损害的方法。共有4组被试：两个正常年轻人组、一个正常老年人组、一个很可能患早老性痴呆病人(Probable AD,PAD)组。结果表明：(1)正常年轻人和正常老年人的词语延迟回忆保持率没有显著差异,而PAD患者表现出明显受损;(2)两个正常年轻人组的双任务工作记忆成绩也没有显著不同,与之相比,正常老年人组有一定程度的降低,而PAD患者表现出更大程度的损害;(3)4组被试的记忆广度都不相同。这些结果提示,词语延迟回忆和双任务工作记忆测验可能能够用于检测AD早期的记忆损害。     

影响儿童至老年人“位置法”记忆训练效果的因素探析

１１８名儿童、少年、青年、中年和老年被试参加＂位置法＂记忆训练,在训练前后对被试进行了一些认知功能的测查,以探讨被试的年龄及认知能力诸因素对记忆训练效果的影响及其预测性。结果表明：①训练前字词和图形记忆成绩、＂数字符号＂测验成绩与训练后记忆成绩相关极其显著,＂词汇＂测验成绩和想象力与训练后记忆成绩的相关也达到显著性水平;②年龄与训练后记忆效果的关系是非线性的;③除＂词汇＂成绩外,各项认知成绩均可预测训练后字词记忆成绩,训练后的图形记忆迁移效果可由＂数字符号＂测验成绩预测。     

词频、测验方式影响单字法定向遗忘的实验研究

单字法定向遗忘一直是记忆研究的热点.本文引入词频(高频词、低频词)和测验方式(内隐记忆测验、外显记忆测验)变量继续考察单字法定向遗忘,结果显示:(1)低频词语的内隐和外显记忆测验中都出现了显著的定向遗忘效应;(2)高频词语的外显记忆测验中出现了明显的定向遗忘效应,而在内隐记忆测验中却未发现定向遗忘效应;(3)单字法定向遗忘的机制是复述和提取抑制.     

瑞文作业的年龄差异及其与“位置法”记忆训练的关系

该工作采用华东师大心理学系修订的瑞文测验联合型（ＣＲＴ—ＡＣ）,对经过“位置法”记忆训练的青年人、老年人及在年龄、性别、文化和智力水平等方面均相匹配的青年、老年对照进行测验,比较观察力和推理能力的年龄差异,探讨“位置法”记忆训练对这种能力的间接迁移作用。结果表明：１．青年组瑞文作业成绩明显高于老年组;２．当作业难度加大或限定时间时测验,更扩大了年龄差异;３．青年训练组瑞文作业成绩明显高于其对照组,而在老年训练组与其对照组之间则未见差异。     

脑外伤后患者的认知障碍

本文对83例脑外伤患者在智力、记忆、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面进行了研究.结果表明:脑外伤损害了患者的高级皮质功能,使其在相当长的时期内,仍遗留有智力、记忆、注意、信息处理速度及语言流畅性等方面的障碍,只是轻、重程度不等而已。从中我们选出相对比较灵敏的测验,做为今后研究脑外伤病人心理功能障碍的方法,并拟定出脑外伤病人心理功能的评定指标。     

记忆编码之后的情绪对中性词语记忆巩固现象的影响

在被试记忆中性词语之后加入情绪图片,人为地诱发被试的正中负三种情绪,旨在考察情绪通过影响记忆的巩固过程对记忆中性词语的影响。实验结果发现,再认时与正负情绪图片配对的词语再认率显著高于与中性情绪图片配对的词语,且正负两种条件下的再认率差异不显著;性别主效应和交互作用都不显著,即在所有被试中都发现了类似的情绪记忆优势效应。     

WORD FREQUENCY AND WORD DIFFICULTY:

Abstract— This article compares word counts made using four different collections of text, including one based on collections of electronic text For each of the collections, standard word frequency indices were computed and compared with a carefully developed list of words ranked in order of difficulty as determined by vocabulary tests Correlations between the word frequency indices and word difficulty ranks show that word frequencies for all four corpora are highly correlated with word difficulty Despite these high correlations, the results show also that the difficulty of some words is not estimated accurately by word frequency The reasons for disparities between word frequency and word difficulty are not clear The high correlations obtained for the corpus based on electronic text suggest that this method of text sampling has potential but that caution is advisable in conducting such collections.     

WORD EXPOSURE CONDITIONS AND PRESCHOOLERS' NOVEL WORD LEARNING DURING SHARED STORYBOOK READING

In this experiment, 23 preschool children participated in two adult-child shared storybook reading sessions over a 1-week period. The objective was to characterize the influence of various conditions of word exposure upon children's receptive and expressive learning of novel words occurring within storybook reading interactions. Specifically, the effects of two contrasting conditions were examined: (a) adults' questioning versus labeling of novel words, and (b) adults' use of perceptual versus conceptual questions about novel words. Results suggested that adults' labeling of novel words facilitated children's receptive word learning more so than questioning; however, this effect was not observed for expressive word learning. Results also suggested no difference in receptive or expressive word learning as a result of conceptual versus perceptual questions. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

现代心理学关于单词识别的研究——单词识别的理论模型简介

心理学家近年来的研究一致发现,单词识别受词形、语音、刺激强度、语境、词频、词义等多种因素的影响。但是,关于这些因素的作用机制,各家的看法却颇不相同。本文较详细地介绍了国外几家有代表性的理论模型。这对于我们揭示汉语词字识别的基本过程将具有一定的参考价值。     

EFFECT OF DISTRACTOR WORD VARIABILITY IN CHILDREN'S PERFORMANCE ON A WORD IDENTIFICATION TEST∗

ABSTRACT

Second, third, and fourth grade children were administered one of three different versions of a word identification test. All versions tested the same target words but used a different combination of two different sets of distractor words. One set was deemed “highly confusing” (i.e., all dis‐tractors were graphically very similar to target words), the other “easily discriminable” (i.e., distractors were dissimilar to target words). One test version contained all highly confusing distractors, a second used all easily discriminable distractors, and a third contained a combination of both kinds. Results showed that at all grade levels children performed significantly better on the easily discritninable version than on the highly confusing version. Implications of this finding related to the content validity of extant word identification tests; that is, if test authors do not use a set of criteria for selecting distractor words and apply these criteria consistently, the content validity of a test may be in serious jeopardy, for one would not know whether the test measures target word difficulty of distractor word difficulty

     

WORD GENERATION: A REPLICATION

R ommetveit , R. & K leiven , J. Word generation: a replication. Scand J. Psychol ., 1968, g, 277–81.–Binocular rivalry was examined in a word perception task with printed Norwegian stimulus material. Two types of resolution—choice of one image only or combination of both images—were again observed. The letter pair r/g tended to be seen as r only, g only, rg, or gr, depending upon which resolution yielded a word. Perceptual strategy was thus apparently determined in part by a superordinate search for word meaning. Fully confident generations of words from monocular non-word strings were not obtained very often.a