陈××能不能升级?

在工资调整工作中,我们单位围绕陈××能否升级的问题,展开了热烈的讨论。陈××本人提出要求升级,其他同志有的同意他升,有的不同意他升。我发现,在各人的发言中运用了多种不同的推理。有人说:凡是劳动态度好、技术高、贡献大的都可升级。陈××是劳动态度好、技术高、贡献大的,所以陈××可以升级。这里用的是直言三段论。也有人说,只有劳动态度好、技术高、贡献大的才能升级,陈××根本不具备这些条件,所以陈××不能升级。这是     

Kruskal's polynomial for 2×2×2 arrays and a generalization to 2×n×n arrays

A remarkable difference between the concept of rank for matrices and that for three-way arrays has to do with the occurrence of non-maximal rank. The set ofn×n matrices that have a rank less thann has zero volume. Kruskal pointed out that a 2×2×2 array has rank three or less, and that the subsets of those 2×2×2 arrays for which the rank is two or three both have positive volume. These subsets can be distinguished by the roots of a certain polynomial. The present paper generalizes Kruskal's results to 2×n×n arrays. Incidentally, it is shown that twon ×n matrices can be diagonalized simultaneously with positive probability.The author is obliged to Joe Kruskal and Henk Kiers for commenting on an earlier draft, and to Tom Wansbeek for raising stimulating questions.     

Motivation×Expectancy×Value: A functional measurement approach

Functional measurement methodology was applied to test theMotive×Expectancy×Value (MEV) model of human motivation. Subjects judged the value of hypothetical games of chance in which hunger, chance of winning a sandwich, and sandwich preference were varied along with similar information concerning a drink. Graphical tests showed excellent agreement between the data and the theoretical properties of parallelism and linear fan shape. Exact statistical tests of goodness of fit confirmed these graphical tests. Despite the complexity of the task, which required integration of six pieces of information, subjects' judgments obeyed a simple cognitive algebra. Applications of functional measurement were suggested for approach-avoidance conflict, level of aspiration, work motivation, and achievement motivation. These methods can provide exact tests of the behavior models in terms of the subjective values at the level of the individual. They thus provide a unified nomothetic-ideographic approach to motivation theory.This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants MBS 74-19124 and BNS 75-21235, and by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to the Center for Human Information Processing, University of California, San Diego. We wish to thank Donna Rodes for her assistance in the conduct of this experiment.     

与“×就×”结构相关的句法格式

引言我们曾对下列这类“×就×”结构作过一些探讨: Ⅰ.去就去说就说走了就走了Ⅱ.不去就不去不走就不走Ⅰ组例式中的“就”是轻读的,表示“无所谓”的语气,记作“就_1”;Ⅱ组例式中的“就”有轻读和重读两种情形:轻读的是“就_1”,重读的表“加强判断”的语气,记作“就_2”,就_1和就_2都有关联的作用。上述都是“就”出现在两个完全相同的词语之间的情况。具体来说,这两个词语的形式相同,长度相等,因此都记作“×”。本文试在此基础上侧重从词语的长度着眼,研究两类与之相关的句法格式,并作出比较,以弄清它们之间一些重要的关系。     

T × W Completeness

T × W logic is a combination of tense and modal logic for worlds or histories with the same time order. It is the basis for logics of causation, agency and conditionals, and therefore an important tool for philosophical logic. Semantically it has been defined, among others, by R. H. Thomason. Using an operator expressing truth in all worlds, first discussed by C. M. Di Maio and A. Zanardo, an axiomatization is given and its completeness proved via D. Gabbays irreflexivity lemma. Given this lemma the proof is more or less straight forward. At the end an alternative axiomatization is sketched in which Di Maios and Zanardos operator is replaced by a version of actually.     

小议“××之最”的“最”

“最”是个地地道道的副词,它常见的用法是置于动词或形容词之前,在句子中充任状语,朱德熙先生在谈到一个语素跟别的语素结合的位置时,指出:“最”只能前置,不能后置(没有“X最”的格式)。”(朱德熙:《语法讲义》) 但是,近年来.“最”字出现了一个新的颇为独特的用法,以类似名词的身分出现在“××之最”这一格式中,比如:     

Race × class stereotypes of women

Forty-four undergraduates assigned traditional stereotyping adjectives to middle-class black, middle-class white, lower-class black, and lower-class white female stimulus persons. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that these Race × Class stereotypes of women differed significantly by race and by social class, but there was no Race × Class interaction. The stereotype of white women was rated significantly higher than that of black women on dependent, passive, and emotional. The stereotype of lower-class women was rated significantly higher than that of middle-class women on confused, dirty, hostile, inconsiderate, and irresponsible. Although the stereotypes of women differed significantly by race and social class, all were stereotypically feminine. In addition, the stereotypes of white women, and of middle-class women were most similar to traditional stereotypes of women. Thus, it was concluded that both race and social class are implicit variables in sex-role stereotypes.     

Uniqueness of three-mode factor models with sparse cores: The 3 × 3 × 3 case

Three-Mode Factor Analysis (3MFA) and PARAFAC are methods to describe three-way data. Both methods employ models with components for the three modes of a three-way array; the 3MFA model also uses a three-way core array for linking all components to each other. The use of the core array makes the 3MFA model more general than the PARAFAC model (thus allowing a better fit), but also more complicated. Moreover, in the 3MFA model the components are not uniquely determined, and it seems hard to choose among all possible solutions. A particularly interesting feature of the PARAFAC model is that it does give unique components. The present paper introduces a class of 3MFA models in between 3MFA and PARAFAC that share the good properties of the 3MFA model and the PARAFAC model: They fit (almost) as well as the 3MFA model, they are relatively simple and they have the same uniqueness properties as the PARAFAC model.This research has been made possible by a fellowship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences to the first author. Part of this research has been presented at the first conference on ThRee-way methods In Chemistry (TRIC), a meeting of Psychometrics and Chemometrics, Epe, The Netherlands, August 1993. The authors are obliged to Age Smilde for stimulating this research, and two anonymous reviewers for many helpful suggestions.     

Explicit candecomp/parafac solutions for a contrived 2 × 2 × 2 array of rank three

Kruskal, Harshman and Lundy have contrived a special 2 × 2 × 2 array to examine formal properties of degenerate Candecomp/Parafac solutions. It is shown that for this array the Candecomp/Parafac loss has an infimum of 1. In addition, the array will be used to challenge the tradition of fitting Indscal and related models by means of the Candecomp/Parafac process.     

Part—whole information is useful in visual search for size × size but not orientation × orientation conjunctions

In visual search tasks, subjects look for a target among a variable number of distractor items. If the target is defined by a conjunction of two different features (e.g., color × orientation), efficient search is possible when parallel processing of information about color and about orientation is used to “guid” the deployment of attention to the target. Another type of conjunction search has targets defined by two instances of one type of feature (e.g., a conjunction of two colors). In this case, search is inefficient when the target is an item defined by parts of two different colors but much more efficient if the target can be described as a whole item of one color with a part of another color (Wolfe, Friedman-Hill, & Bilsky, 1994). In this paper, we show that the same distinction holds for size. “Part— whole” size × size conjunction searches are efficient; “part-part” searches are not (Experiments 1–3). In contrast, all orientation × orientation searches are inefficient (Experiments 4–6). This difference between preattentive processing of color and size, on the one hand, and orientation, on the other, may reflect structural relationships between features in real-world objects.     

也谈——“吃不×”

“吃不×”系列十分传神,如“吃不够、吃不着、吃不好、吃不来、吃不惯、吃不得”等,对此,张觉同志的文章(见《逻辑与语言学习》87.6)已作了分析,本文不再赘述。但,笔者以为还需补充一点,即: “吃不×”系列不仅可以用于“食”这个领域,还可用于食以外的其它领域,如: “吃不准”、“吃不透”,是指对某种意图还缺乏深入了解,把握不住。“吃不开”,是指原来的那一套已不再吃香,不再受欢迎。     

Jobbklubben: Beteendeanalys på systemnivå

Abstract

En metod för arbetssökning — Jobbklubben — utvecklad av Nathan Azrin och hans medarbetare redovisas. Metoden har visat sig synnerligen effektiv varhelst den prövats i Nordamerika på olika grupper av arbetssökande. I Sverige har metoden sedan 1982 tillämpats på främst långtidsarbetslösa, med stor framgång. I genomsnitt får 70-90 procent av deltagarna arbete, på kort tid, lika välbetalda och lika varaktiga som arbeten erhållna på vanligt sätt. Jobbklubbens effektivitet ses som produkten av (1) en korrekt analys av arbetsmarknadens kontingenser, (2) en beteendeanalys av anställningsprocessen och (3) skickligt strukturerad tillämpad inlärningspsykologi.     

Three-Way Tucker2 Component Analysis Solutions of Stimuli × Responses × Individuals Data with Simple Structure and the Fewest Core Differences

Multivariate stimulus-response designs can be described by a three-way array of stimuli by responses by individuals. Its underlying structure can be represented by a network based on the Tucker2 component model in which stimulus components are connected with response components by means of the links that differ between individuals. For each individual such links are represented in a slice of the extended core array. For a proper understanding of these links, it is desirable that [1] the individual core slices as well as the component matrices have simple structures and [2] the differences of core slices between individuals are as few as possible. For attaining [1] and [2] we propose a method in which both the component matrices and the core slices of a Tucker2 solution are transformed simultaneously in order that the component matrices match simple target matrices and the core slices are summarized by a simple target slice. The proposed method is evaluated in a simulation study and illustrated with a three-way data array of semantic differential ratings.     

A Gabbay-Rule Free Axiomatization of T×W Validity

The semantical structures called T×W frames were introduced in (Thomason, 1984) for the Ockhamist temporal-modal language, _O, which consists of the usual propositional language augmented with the Priorean operators P and F and with a possibility operator . However, these structures are also suitable for interpreting an extended language, _SO, containing a further possibility operator ^s which expresses synchronism among possibly incompatible histories and which can thus be thought of as a cross-history simultaneity operator. In the present paper we provide an infinite set of axioms in _SO, which is shown to be strongly complete forT ×W-validity. Von Kutschera (1997) contains a finite axiomatization of T×W-validity which however makes use of the Gabbay Irreflexivity Rule (Gabbay, 1981). In order to avoid using this rule, the proof presented here develops a new technique to deal with reflexive maximal consistent sets in Henkin-style constructions.     

一字传神的“吃不×”

现代汉语中,某些词语虽只是一字之差,但仔细咀嚼,却别有一番风味。所以,愚下想举一点出来与大家共同品尝。同时,笔者才疏识浅,或有误解,现丑于世,也可博得方家指正。今天我们先谈“吃不×”系列。“吃”一跟上“不”,与单字补语的结合力便倍增,常用的如:吃不了,吃不完,吃不饱,吃不够,吃不着,吃不到,吃不好,吃不坏,吃不来,吃不惯,吃不下,吃不消,吃不得,吃不起。     

Effective choice in all the symmetric 2 × 2 games

Solution concepts for game play implicitly assume what information is relevant for choosing moves. Maximin and Eliminating Dominated Strategies use payoff order; mixed strategies and Harsanyi??s risk dominance use payoff values. ??Cooperative?? strategies use previous choices, ignoring payoffs altogether. We first define the 12 symmetric 2 × 2 games as a continuous payoff space then use this space to evaluate strategies based on different types of information. Strategic success is shown to be sensitive to actual payoffs and seldom consistent for all games of an ordinally defined category such as Chicken. A new hybrid strategy using both payoff and choice information is introduced and shown to produce efficient outcomes in all symmetric 2 × 2 games when employed by both players. It does well in evolutionary tournaments against strategies of other types, especially in the difficult distribution games including Battle-of-the-Sexes.     

Electrodermal responses to movie stressors: Nicotine × extraversion interactions

Support was found for Eysenck's hypothesis that the effects of smoking sized doses of nicotine on cortical and electrodermal activity are functions of extraversion and the degree of externally-induced arousal. Responses to scenes that elicited moderate electrodermal and emotional responses followed the predicted extraversion ☆ nicotine interaction for electrodermal measures, but not for self-reported emotions, heart rate or electromyographic measures. The failure of the Ss to demonstrate an extraversion ☆ nicotine interaction when high-intensity stimuli were used (Gilbert and Hagen, 1980) is also interpreted as consistent with Eysenck's hypothesis.