内隐自尊的特性：来自EAST的证据

采用外部情绪性Simon任务（EAST）对109名大学生对代表自我和他人的刺激词的态度差异进行测量,从而探讨内隐自尊的特性。结果显示：在个体的认知图式中,对自我持有一种内隐的积极的评价或态度,对他人持有一种内隐的相对消极的评价或态度。具体表现在：（1）内隐自尊的特性是将自己与积极的评价和情感相联系,将他人与消极的评价和情感相联系;（2）自我姓名激活的积极的内隐自我态度比一般性自我词更为强烈,而他人姓名激活的消极的内隐态度比一般性非我词更弱。本研究表明,EAST能有效检测出内隐自尊效应,并可以同时获得个体对自我和他人的内隐态度的强度和方向,为内隐自尊研究提供了一种新的有效的方法,但其应用仍需谨慎。     

个人自立对注意偏向影响的眼动研究

通过使用基于眼动的罗夏墨迹测验图观察任务与新异/自我观点观察任务来探究个人自立对注意偏向的影响。结果发现:(1)除了第四张图片以外,个人自立高分组在观察其他9张罗夏墨迹测验图时的眨眼率都显著或边缘显著的高于低分组;(2)个人自立高分组在观察两张新异/自我语句图片时进行新异/自我观点回视的次数都要显著多于低分组;(3)在观察第1张新异/自我语句图时,个人自立低分组对自我观点的注意明显多于新异观点。     

高述情障碍者的情绪图式特征

采用混合实验设计,以情绪词和情绪图片为实验材料,选取不同述情障碍得分的大学生为被试,通过三个实验考察了高述情障碍者的情绪图式特征。研究结果发现：（1）高述情障碍组被试对情绪词的效价判断反应时显著长于低述情障碍组,述情障碍各维度得分均与情绪词的效价判断反应时呈显著正相关;（2）高述情障碍组被试对情绪图片的效价判断反应时与低述情障碍组相比差异不显著;（3）高述情障碍组被试情绪图式联结所需反应时显著长于低述情障碍组,情感描述困难与情绪图式联结所需反应时之间相关显著。研究结论如下：高述情障碍者存在情绪语言图式和参考性链接上的缺陷,而在情绪意象上并不存在积极/消极区分能力方面的缺陷     

自我是一分为二的吗?——以西方自我图式的研究为例

该文以自我图式的开山之作———Markus的研究为例,从被试视角重新解读其研究结果,挑战了自我的二元构念及行为跨情境稳定性假设,指出Markus在操作过程中将主客观标准偷换,将情境绝对化了。这样分出的积极图式组和消极图式组在自我欺骗上有显著差异,其结果难逃社会赞许的干扰,对中庸自我的研究可能会彻底地解决这一困境。     

低自尊还是高“他尊”?高、低社交焦虑者的不同内隐自尊特性——来自EAST的证据

采用简版负性评价恐惧量表和青少年社交焦虑量表对627名高中生进行施测，筛选出社交焦虑高分组和低分组，运用外部情感西蒙任务(Extrinsic Affective Simon Task, EAST)测量两组被试对自我和对他人的态度，探讨高、低社交焦虑者的内隐自尊特性。结果表明，高、低社交焦虑者存在截然不同的内隐“自我-他人”态度。具体表现在：(1)高、低社交焦虑者均有显著积极的内隐自尊；低社交焦虑者有显著消极的内隐“他尊”,而高社交焦虑者的消极内隐“他尊”并不显著；(2)高社交焦虑者的积极内隐自尊和消极内隐“他尊”均显著弱于低社交焦虑者，高社交焦虑者的自我偏爱程度较弱。研究表明，社交焦虑个体的内隐自尊特性是：相对低的内隐自尊(对自己积极不足)、相对高的内隐“他尊”(不消极看待他人),可能正是这种削弱的自我偏爱倾向，才是其核心症结。     

大学生亲密恐惧的图式干预研究

为研究图式治疗对大学生亲密恐惧的临床疗效,以54名有亲密恐惧问题的大学生为被试,采用支持咨询和图式治疗对比的实验研究,对疗效评估的各项指标进行了重复测量(前测、后测和追踪测量)的方差分析。结果表明干预后图式组亲密恐惧以及情感剥夺、缺陷/羞耻、伤害/疾病的易感性、情感抑制等四个适应不良图式都显著低于支持组,而且干预后图式组人际功能和适应功能等两项心理治疗效果评估指标都显著高于支持组。结论:图式治疗比支持支持咨询能更有效地减轻大学生亲密恐惧。     

个人自立、反馈对长时距估计的影响

为了探索人格与反馈对时间估计的影响,本研究采用非时间任务和预期式时距估计的方法对个人自立高分组与低分组共40名被试进行了研究。结果发现：（1）虽然差异不显著,但是在两次时距估计中个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量均小于低分组;（2）个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量变化幅度显著小于低分组;（3）个人自立高分组在两次时距估计绝对错误量上的相关明显大于低分组;（4）有反馈组的时距估计绝对错误量显著小于无反馈组。据此可以认为：（1）由个人自立导致的时间估计的个体差异表现在时间估计的误差变异度和准确性两个方面。高个人自立者的时间估计误差的变异度更小,同时可能倾向于更准确地进行时距估计。（2）反馈有助于提高时间估计的准确性。（3）“绝对错误量变化幅度”和“时距估计绝对错误量的相关”是两个值得在今后的研究中应用的指标。     

关于抑郁的认知理论中自我图式的研究

抑郁的认知理论假设抑郁患者在评价与解释有关自身、周围环境、自己未来的事件时,受到他们特有的消极自我图式的影响,从而表现出抑郁的情感和行为。这一理论得到来自以它为基础的认知疗法所获临床疗效的有力支持,但围绕该理论进行的实验研究结果有较大差异。面临的主要同题是:(1)抑郁患者有无独特而持久的自我图式;(2)这一图式中表征的内容是什么。研究方法的不断改进对于阐明这些问题提供了可能性。     

大学生的自立人格与现实问题解决

为了探讨大学生的自立人格能否影响其现实问题解决的质量,对个人/人际高低分组的共30名大学生进行了现实问题解决访谈,结果发现:个人/人际自立高分组被试在访谈中解决个人/人际问题的质量显著高于低分组。为了探索自立人格与现实问题解决能力的关系,使用《青少年学生自立人格量表》和《大学生日常问题解决能力调查问卷》对101名有效被试进行了调查,结果发现:自立人格的多个维度都与日常问题解决能力的维度有显著相关,自立人格的多个相关维度是日常问题解决相关能力的有效预测变量。两个研究的结果支持了研究假设:自立人格利于个体对现实生活问题的解决;自立人格包含或涉及个体解决现实问题的能力因素。此外,自立人格影响现实生活问题解决的具体特点和机制还值得进一步研究。     

儿童图式特征的认知发展研究

采用三角验证法对长春180名10.1-15.3岁儿童进行研究,以自然范畴的事物、家庭内外事件和熟悉的文本为测验材料,探测了儿童对图式特征的认知特点。结果发现:(1)儿童对自然范畴、事件、文本图式特征的认知存在三级水平:①成分水平,②成分与整体水平,③整体水平。这三级水平与儿童思维特点相一致并受生活经验或事件的制约。(2)儿童对三类图式特征认知是随年龄的升高而不断提升的,其标志是对图式本质的理解、概括与把握不断加深,到13岁以后儿童对三类图式特征的认知发展迅速。     

Vulnerability to depression,mild depression,and degree of self-schema consolidation

The present study investigated the degree of consolidation of self-schema content in mildly depressed individuals, individuals cognitively vulnerable to depression (but currently nondepressed), and nonvulnerable-nondepressed controls. All three groups of subjects were presented with pairs of adjectives involving one depressed and one nondepressed content adjective, and were asked to decide which of the two adjectives described them the best (or least). Following this, subjects rated each adjective on a 9-point degree of self-reference scale. On the basis of these two types of self-referent judgments, a measure of decision inconsistency was computed for each subject. In accord with predictions generated from a self-schema model of depression, similar decision inconsistency scores were found for mildly depressed and vulnerable-nondepressed individuals. In turn, both of these groups revealed greater decision inconsistencies than normal controls (the nonvulnerable-nondepressed group). Using the inconsistency measure as an index of the degree of consolidation of self-schema content, these findings suggest that relatively poor consolidation of depressed and nondepressed self-schema content may relate to both the etiology and maintenance of depression.     

高边缘性人格障碍特质者负性沉浸的自我反思倾向

采用自我参照范式考察边缘性人格障碍(BPD)的自我反思特点。实验1对比高、低BPD特质被试在自我和姓名参照条件下正负性词汇的再认成绩,发现高BPD特质者在自我参照条件下的负性词汇记忆成绩显著高于低BPD特质组。实验2对高BPD特质被试进行正念自我反思训练,结果发现相对于对照组,训练组在自我参照条件下负性词汇的记忆成绩显著降低。高BPD特质者的自我反思存在负性沉浸倾向,且正念自我反思训练可以改善该倾向。     

Depressed and nondepressed content self-reference in mild depressives

The present research investigated the extent to which mild depressives and normals differed in their self-referent processing of personal information. In Experiment 1, these subjects made two types of ratings on depressed (e.g., bleak, dismal) and nondepressed (e.g., loyal, organized) content personal adjectives. Half of the adjectives in each content category were rated for a semantic attribute (Does this word have a specific meaning or relate to a specific situation?), whereas half were rated for degree of self-reference (Does this word describe you?). These ratings were followed immediately by an incidental recall task, in which subjects recalled as many of the adjectives as possible. Consistent with predictions generated from a content-specific self-schema model, normals displayed superior recall for self-referenced nondepressed content adjectives, when compared to recall for self-referenced depressed content adjectives and recall for semantic ratings (both depressed and nondepressed content). In contrast, mild depressives exhibited enhanced self-referent recall for both types of content, when compared to their recall for semantic adjectives. This finding suggested that mild depressives utilize a self-schema which incorporates both depressed and nondepressed content. Experiment 2 explored this suggestion further by substituting an other-referent rating task (Does this word describe Pierre Trudeau?) for the semantic judgment used in Experiment 1. Again, consistent with a content-specific self-schema model, normals displayed superior recall only for self-referenced nondepressed adjectives. Mild depressives, however, showed enhanced self-referent recall, relative to other-referent recall, only for depressed content adjectives. For nondepressed content, mild depressives did not distinguish between the self- and other-referent conditions. This finding hinted that the nondepressed component of the mild depressives self-schema may operate at a somewhat reduced effectiveness, but only when required to differentiate between self and others.     

PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS, BODY IMAGE, AND WOMEN'S SEXUAL SELF-SCHEMA

Recently, Andersen and Cyranowski (1994) presented a self-report measure of women's sexual self-schema, or cognitive view of the self regarding sexuality. In the current study, we investigated potential relationships between women's sexual self-schema and physical attractiveness, body size and shape, and body image. Young adult women ( N = 199) completed questionnaires and were weighed, measured, and rated for facial attractiveness. Results revealed that sexual self-schema was unrelated to body size or shape, general body dissatisfaction, history of teasing about weight, and degree of investment in personal appearance. Sexual self-schema scores significantly correlated with experimenter-rated facial attractiveness, self-rated facial and bodily attractiveness, and degree of social avoidance due to concerns over personal appearance, however. In a multiple regression analysis, only self-rated facial attractiveness and social avoidance were unique predictors. Results are discussed with regard to implications for the development of women's sexual self-schema and directions for future research.     

Efficiency and automaticity of self-schema processing in clinical depressives

In this study, female clinical depressives and nondepressed control subjects made a series of self-referent personality judgments concerning depressed and nondepressed content personal adjectives. Employing rating times (RTs) for the personality decisions as a dependent measure, it was found that both clinical depressives and nondepressed psychiatric controls processed self-schema congruent content more efficiently (with quicker RTs), than incongruent content. To further test for the automaticity of self-schema processing, half the depressed and nondepressed adjectives were rated while subjects held six digits in memory (a concurrent memory load). Here it was found that the independent variable of memory load (zero vs. six digits) did not interact significantly with the remaining independent variables of groups (clinical depressives, psychiatric nondepressives, normal nondepressives), decision type (yes, no), and adjective content (depressed, nondepressed). The lack of any interactions involving the memory load factor provides initial evidence for self-schema processing as an automatic process, rather than as a process that demands attentional capacity.This research was supported, in part, by a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Doctoral Fellowship to Michael R. MacDonald.     

Interpersonal self‐support and attentional bias on negative and positive interpersonal information

Interpersonal self‐support is an indigenous Chinese personality concept. It represents the idealized notion of the kind of personality traits that help individuals deal with interpersonal problems and develop and maintain the harmonic and appropriate social relationships required in China's collectivistic and interdependent culture. It also was assumed to be a protective personality factor with regard to mental health and was found to be negatively related to psychosomatic symptoms. In the current study, cognitive processing of interpersonal information is assumed to be an underlying mechanism that connects interpersonal self‐support with interpersonal relationships and mental health. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments to investigate whether attentional bias on positive and negative interpersonal information was related to high and low interpersonal self‐support. A spatial cueing task and the emotional Stroop task were administered to two samples of high and low interpersonal self‐support Chinese undergraduate students to measure attentional bias. The results from both experiments suggested that high interpersonal self‐support students had an attentional bias toward positive interpersonal information, while low interpersonal self‐support students preferentially attended to negative interpersonal information. Study 1 indicated that attentional bias toward positive interpersonal information was easily engaged in the high interpersonal self‐support group, while attentional bias toward negative interpersonal information was both easy to engage and difficult to disengage in the low interpersonal self‐support students. These results support our hypotheses that high interpersonal self‐support people engage in positive processing of interpersonal information, whereas low interpersonal self‐support people engage in negative processing of interpersonal information. The differential balance between positive and negative processing on interpersonal information may explain why interpersonal self‐support predicts both mental health and interpersonal relationships. In addition, the relational schema may explain why interpersonal self‐support is associated with an attentional bias toward interpersonal information.