共生文化圈之巫道文化形态探讨--福建闾山教与湖南梅山教之比较

经过多年田野调查,作者发现在福建道教中,有一个分支教派称闾山派,它以各自不同的表现形态分布于福建各地.这一历史悠久的教派与远在湖南的梅山教有许多渊源关系,它们不仅同属一个古巫系统,而且互相还有交流与影响迹象,为长江中下游之南方巫法闾山派的共生物.     

东巴教的“派”或“教派”刍论

一些学者曾提出东巴教的"派别"概念,本文认为东巴教没有如其他人为宗教那样的教派和派别,没有东巴自我认同的教派。学者们所说的东巴教的"派系",仅仅是根据其不同特点、民族支系、语言习俗、仪式和各种宗教行为的差异而做的一种分类,不能和基于对教义的不同解释理解、教规的差异等而形成的"教派"等同。东巴教还没有形成教派与它尚未形成系统的教义相关,但东巴教有不同区域和支系的差异和特点,对经典的解读也存在各地的差异,正在产生形成教派的一些因素。通过对这些差异性的探究,可以探寻各民族民间信仰发展到人为宗教过程中逐渐产生教派的轨迹。     

闽越地域马仙神话的多元嬗变

正马仙神话的多元嬗变源于《护国夫人庙碑记》中丰富的叙事因素与闽越地域多元混杂的文化生态。"事姑孝""阴府助国"与"名在仙籍",这三个原初的叙事因素,经过不同历史时期地方文化的锻造,兼之闽越地域儒、道、巫多元文化的影响,最终形成了马仙神话纷繁复杂的叙事面貌。马仙信仰盛行于闽东、闽北、浙南等地,古属闽越族群的聚居地。闽越地域因其特殊的地理、历史、人文环境,而葆有某些独特的地方文化因     

俄罗斯伊斯兰教宗教机构及其社会功能

伊斯兰教是俄罗斯的第二大宗教,也是许多地区历史上的传统宗教。苏联解体后,过去信仰其他宗教的许多人转而信仰伊斯兰教,如一些斯拉夫人、犹太人、西伯利亚地区的居民和一些偏北地区的居民,使得俄罗斯穆斯林的民族属性和教派呈现出多元性和复     

中国伊斯兰教教派归属的几个问题

本文根据史料文献,从教派组织制度、信仰礼仪等方面考察分析中国伊斯兰教历史上的教派归属问题。认为逊尼派(Sunni)在中国伊斯兰教中始终居主流地位,但什叶派(Shi‘ah)教义主张也曾获得流传,不过在中国伊斯兰教中教派分歧始终不明显。     

《台湾斋教的历史观察与展望》

《台湾斋教的历史观察与展望》北辰在有关台湾宗教的文献资料中，常会遇到＂斋教＂一词，它专指以持斋和在家信仰为特征的三个民间教派或教派宗教─－龙华教、金幢教和先天教，又因它们强调在家修行，一面持戒，一面营生，主要受到道教与民间信仰的影响，也受到佛教禅宗和...     

道教神仙信仰的社会功能

在道教信仰中 ,神仙信仰是其核心内容。因为修道成仙是道教徒终生追求的目标 ,神仙是道教徒修道成仙的榜样 ,神仙事迹是道教徒实现成仙的楷模。由此对人类社会产生了一些积极的有利的因素 ,这些因素主要表现在劝善、济世、稳定社会、民俗文化等方面。一、道教神仙信仰的劝善功能劝善是一切宗教的积极因素之一 ,它广泛而深入地融汇在神仙信仰之中。在道教神仙信仰里 ,劝善始终是其重要内容和精神旨趣。如果我们对由神仙信仰而引起的神话进行根本剖析 ,便会发现其真正的内在价值———社会伦理教化功能。马林诺夫斯基在《文化论》一书中指出 ,…     

道教神仙信仰与人们的社会追求

神仙信仰是道教信仰中重要的组成部分,由于神仙信仰而期望得道成仙、长生不死,不仅是古代修道者终生不渝的追求目标,也为当时社会中许多不同身份的人所企盼和津津乐道。这种久远漫长的历史现象,既说明道教作为我国本土出现并承传至今的宗教,与世世代代生息繁衍于华夏大地上的中华民族仰慕和崇奉神仙的传统有密切的关系,同时,在很大程度上反映了自古以来人们对人生多方面的美好向往与追求。因此,对道教的神仙信仰应作为中华民族传统文化的组成部分加以研究,本文拟就这方面的内容进行一些简要探讨。神仙信仰是指人们对神仙的相信、崇敬和追求…     

戏神田公元帅信仰的道教渊源与仪式特色

田公元帅是闽台两岸著名的戏神、道坛神和村落保护神,其多元信仰文化的形成过程,生动地体现了文化累层叠加的理论。历史文献与田野作业均显示了田公元帅信仰的道教渊源。在宋元新出道法盛行的背景下,田公(太尉)信仰形成了一个主事"和合"的风火院神明系统;在民间道教闾山派的影响下,该信仰发展出了一套用来"降神附体"符箓和咒语,甚至形成了富有特色的、以傀儡行法事的"闾山梨园教"。明代田公(太尉)信仰与民间傀儡戏戏神田智彪信仰产生复合,这使得田公增加了戏神的神格功能,而唐代乐手雷海清信仰在明清戏剧异常繁荣之际的"加盟"则大大稳固了田公的戏神地位。作为戏剧行业神,其神格功能也对道教田公元帅信仰产生了反作用,使得其咒语带有"啰哩嗹"的和声,其仪式呈现出浓厚的戏剧性色彩。戏神田公元帅信仰的解构精彩展示了历史上道教与戏剧之间的深度互动。     

真主与代治:一个伊斯兰教团体的生态实践与信仰表述

伊斯兰教认为,维护自然环境的生态实践不仅反映了穆斯林“认主独一”世界观的信仰过程,而且呈现了人类作为真主代治者的社会善功价值.本文通过呈现中国伊斯兰教三大教派之一的西道堂的生态实践,试图阐释在伊斯兰教信仰体系中真主、人、社区和自然之间复杂、多重的互惠关系.本文认为,穆斯林的生态实践不仅基于对真主的信仰表述,而且透过宗教仪式赋予其神圣性和文化意义,并产生实际的生态效应,展示出伊斯兰教“两世并重”的生命本质.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.