认知评价在婚姻冲突与儿童问题行为之间的作用:中介还是缓冲

以303名2～6年级小学生为被试,通过测查儿童对婚姻冲突的感知、认知评价和儿童问题行为,探讨婚姻冲突与儿童问题行为的关系,并针对认知因素在婚姻冲突影响儿童问题行为过程中的作用,比较认知中介和认知缓冲两种模型。结果发现:认知评价在儿童感知的婚姻冲突与其内部问题行为之间起中介作用;儿童感知的婚姻冲突直接影响儿童外部问题行为。最后,结合认知中介和认知缓冲模型的本质对结果进行了讨论。     

母亲感知的共同教养对幼儿行为问题的影响：一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨婚姻冲突在母亲感知的共同教养与儿童行为问题之间的中介作用,以及儿童心理韧性在其中的调节作用,本研究选取上海市2所幼儿园170名5岁儿童及母亲进行为期一年的追踪,结果发现:(1)母亲感知的共同教养与婚姻冲突、儿童行为问题呈显著负相关;(2)婚姻冲突在母亲感知的共同教养与儿童行为问题之间起中介作用;(3)儿童心理韧性在婚姻冲突影响儿童行为问题的关系中起调节作用,即儿童心理韧性调节了中介过程的后半段路径。上述结果表明,母亲感知的共同教养会通过婚姻冲突影响学龄前儿童行为问题,儿童拥有较高的心理韧性能够缓冲父母婚姻冲突对儿童行为问题的不良影响。     

父母婚姻冲突对儿童发展的影响及其机制

婚姻关系是家庭关系中最核心的关系, 家庭中父母婚姻冲突影响着儿童发展。众多研究发现, 父母婚姻冲突对儿童认知发展和情绪社会性发展均有重要影响, 而且父母婚姻冲突影响儿童发展存在复杂的作用机制(如中介机制和调节机制)。父母婚姻冲突对儿童发展的影响主要通过儿童认知-情绪过程和家庭过程来实现, 且这一影响会因多种儿童因素和环境因素的不同而不同。未来研究有必要同时考察父母婚姻冲突对儿童认知发展和情绪社会性发展的影响, 并进一步探究和整合多种作用机制, 为干预方案的制定提供有力支持。     

人际关系状况与学龄前流动儿童的问题行为

以北京市40所幼儿园的336个班级的3430名儿童为被试, 构建多层线性模型, 分析亲子关系、班级师幼关系氛围对学龄前城市和流动儿童问题行为的影响。发现亲子冲突和班级师幼冲突氛围显著正向预测儿童的内、外向问题行为; 班级师幼亲密和冲突氛围对城市儿童内向问题行为的预测作用相比流动儿童更大; 班级师幼冲突氛围对亲子冲突高的流动儿童的外向问题行为的消极作用降低, 高亲子亲密缓解了班级师幼冲突氛围对流动儿童内向问题行为的消极作用。     

冲突抑制对儿童错误信念理解的影响:参与概念建构

研究探讨了冲突抑制对错误信念的影响.通过设计冲突真实信念任务,采用标准信念、区分信念任务,研究分离了意外地点任务中的四个成分,知道信念导致行为;根据他人的信念推测行为;抑制自己所看到的物体位置;错误信念概念。113名3～6岁儿童完成了四个信念任务和两个冲突抑制任务.随着抑制要求的增加,儿童在信念任务上的成绩逐渐下降;意外地点任务与冲突抑制相关显著.这说明,抑制现实和自己的观点在儿童信念加工中发挥了重要作用;冲突抑制参与建构儿童错误信念概念.     

认知评价在婚姻冲突与青少年自尊关系间的中介作用

以538名初一至高三年级青少年为被试,采用儿童对婚姻冲突的感知量表和自尊量表考察青少年父母冲突的特征、青少年对冲突的认知评价和自尊的关系.结果表明:不同年级青少年报告的父母冲突特征没有显著差异,但其对冲突的认知评价却表现出显著的年级差异,年级越高则青少年越少感受到威胁并更少对冲突做自我归因;婚姻冲突对青少年自尊的直接影响显著,但当加入认知评价作为中介变量后,直接影响不再显著,而间接作用很显著,模型检验结果支持认知评价的中介作用.     

儿童社会观点采择与分享行为关系的研究

本研究选取幼儿园大班、小学一、二、三年级共240名被试,每个年级各60名,男女各半,考察儿童的社会观点采择能力与分享行为的关系。结果发现:(1)社会观点采择的发展对儿童的分享行为有影响,其中主要是认知观点采择对实际分享行为的影响;(2)儿童分享行为的发展有阶段性;(3)儿童认知观点采择和情感观点采择的发展在幼儿园大班,二者之间存在较显著的差异,到了一、二、三年级二者之间无显著差异。     

非工作时间工作连通行为与婚姻倦怠的关系

基于资源保存理论和溢出效应模型构建了一个有调节的中介模型,探讨非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠的影响机制。使用非工作时间工作连通行为量表、工作家庭冲突量表、伴侣支持应对问卷(来自伴侣的支持应对和共同应对)和婚姻倦怠量表对1620位已婚的各行业职场人士进行测量。结果表明：(1)非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠和工作对家庭的冲突有显著正向预测作用;(2)非工作时间工作连通行为通过工作对家庭的冲突对婚姻倦怠起到预测作用;(3)伴侣支持应对调节了工作对家庭的冲突对婚姻倦怠的影响。本研究为如何降低非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠的负面影响提供了指导。     

父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为的关系：情绪安全感和学校联结的作用

采用问卷法,对585名青少年进行调查研究,考察父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为的关系,同时探讨情绪安全感的中介作用以及该中介作用的发生是否受到学校联结的调节。结果表明：(1)情绪安全感在父母婚姻冲突与青少年攻击行为之间起部分中介作用;(2)学校联结调节父母婚姻冲突通过情绪安全感影响青少年攻击行为的中介作用,具体而言,在高学校联结水平下,父母婚姻冲突对攻击行为的预测作用较弱,情绪安全感对攻击行为的预测作用较强;反之亦然。这一发现有助于理解父母婚姻冲突和青少年攻击行为之间的关系,为增强青少年情绪安全感和减少攻击行为的发生提供了重要的理论与实践借鉴。     

儿童早期的自我调控发展

儿童的自我调控在生后就存在并逐渐发展起来,是神经心理的不断成熟以及与环境相互作用的结果,主要涉及情绪过程、认知过程和社会过程,包含了很多策略和技巧。自我调控理论强凋儿童的能动性和灵活性。气质特点可能是造成情绪调控过程中个体差异的一个重要因素,在儿童决定采取调控策略时起着重要的作用。自我调控与行为和社会问题关系密切,幼儿若存在自我调控能力的问题,在有冲突的情形下发生行为问题的倾向较高。     

Religious Homogamy, Marital Conflict, and Stability in Same-Faith and Interfaith Jewish Marriages

This study examined the relationship between a couple's similarity in religious beliefs and practices and their level of marital conflict and stability. One-hundred-fifty-five adult children of same-faith and interfaith Jewish marriages reported on each of their parents' religious beliefs and behaviors. Religious homogamy was defined as similar attitudes and beliefs about specific religious practices. The parents' level of marital conflict was obtained by having their adult children fill out the Children's Perception Questionnaire (Emery and O'Leary 1982). The major hypotheses tested were that a positive correlation would exist between religious homogamy and marital stability and this relationship would be mediated by the level of marital conflict. That is to say, as marital conflict increases, marital stability should decrease. It was expected that these correlations would still hold after controlling for religious denomination (same-faith and interfaith). Partial support for the model was found: more disagreement on Jewish issues predicted higher levels of marital conflict. Higher conflict, in turn, predicted less marital stability.     

Families with Distinct Levels of Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: Which Role for Maternal and Paternal Stress?

This study addresses the links between distinct levels of marital conflict and mothers’ and fathers’ parenting stress and their associations with children’s adjustment. Using a sample of 358 Italian father–mother dyads with school–aged children, we computed a cluster analysis to identify distinct groups of families with different levels of interparental conflict. In each of the three groups identified (low, moderate, and high marital conflict), we conducted correlational and mediational analyses to explore the relationship between interparental conflict and children’s adjustment, the relationship between interparental conflict and maternal and paternal stress, and the potential mediating role of these components of maternal and paternal stress in the association between interparental conflict and children’s adjustment. We administered the R-CTS, PSI-SF, and CBCL to parents in order to assess marital conflict, maternal and paternal stress, and children’s behavioral problems; children completed the CPIC in order to evaluate their perceptions of interparental conflict. Results show that, in the high marital conflict group, levels of interparental conflict negatively affect children’s adjustment; moreover, the parent–child dysfunctional interaction component of maternal stress partially mediates the relationship between interparental discord and children’s internalizing behaviors, while the difficult child component of paternal stress fully mediates the effects of marital conflict on externalizing behaviors. In the moderate marital conflict group, levels of interparental conflict are correlated with the difficult child component of both maternal and paternal stress, while in the low marital conflict group, interparental conflict does not correlate with both maternal and paternal stress and children’s adjustment.     

Do Marital Conflict Behaviors in Response to a Novel Stressor Uniquely Predict Adolescent Outcomes?

The goal of this study was to examine whether mothers’ and fathers’ marital conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor are uniquely predictive of adolescent outcomes. Previous research establishing the detrimental consequences of marital conflict for child outcomes has relied exclusively on assessments of conflict that measure reoccurring or past conflict. From 153 adolescents and/or both of their parents, reports were gathered on marital conflict, adolescent conflict appraisals, parent-adolescent relationship quality, and adolescent adjustment. Couples engaged in two marital problem-solving interaction tasks—one that elicited conflict behaviors by requiring discussion of salient, reoccurring topics of disagreement and one that prompted conflict behaviors by requiring that couples worked together to solve an unfamiliar problem. Results indicated that compared to behaviors during the marital conflict discussion as well as parent-reports of the frequency, intensity, and resolution of typical conflict, conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor, particularly those displayed by mothers, were uniquely associated with adolescents’ conflict appraisals and dimensions of the parent-adolescent relationship but not adolescent adjustment. Specifically more-negative (relative to positive) conflict behaviors in response to the novel stressor was associated with more-negative adolescent conflict appraisals; mothers’ more-negative conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor were also linked to adolescents reporting less parental monitoring. In contrast, parent reports of typical marital conflict uniquely predicted conflict property appraisals, the affective quality of mother-adolescent relationships, and adolescent adjustment. Implications for future research elucidating associations between conflict behaviors in response to a novel stressor on children and families are discussed.     

母子关系、师幼关系与学前流动儿童的社会适应行为

母子关系和师幼关系是儿童早期发展中最重要的人际关系, 在儿童社会适应中扮演着重要的角色。研究以北京市271名学前流动儿童和552名学前城市儿童为被试, 采用问卷法考察母子关系、师幼关系与学前流动儿童的社会技能、外显和内隐问题行为之间的关系。结果发现:(1)流动儿童母子关系亲密程度低于城市儿童, 母子关系冲突性、师幼关系亲密性和冲突性与城市儿童没有差异;(2)母子关系对儿童社会适应行为的预测作用在流动儿童和城市儿童上没有显著差异, 母子关系亲密性正向预测社会技能, 负向预测内隐问题行为;母子关系冲突性负向预测社会技能, 正向预测外显和内隐问题行为;师幼关系亲密性正向预测城市和流动儿童的社会技能, 并且显著负向预测流动儿童的内隐问题行为;(3)师幼关系对母子关系的调节作用主要表现在流动儿童而非城市儿童上, 师幼关系低冲突能够减少母子关系冲突性对流动儿童社会技能的负向预测作用, 师幼关系高亲密能够减少母子关系冲突性对流动儿童内隐问题行为的正向预测作用。     

Children Exposed to Marital Conflict Exhibit More Disordered Eating Behaviors: Child Emotional Insecurity and Anxiety as Mechanisms of Risk

Disordered eating in children is a major public health concern, as it is precursor to clinical eating disorders and obesity. However, little is known about the potential causes of child disordered eating. The current study examined marital conflict as a predictor of disordered eating in a sample of children aged 5–12 years, from the perspective of emotional security theory. Ninety five children and their parents in the Southeast United States participated in the study. We found that marital conflict was associated with higher levels of restrained eating, emotional eating and external eating behaviors controlling for demographics and parental feeding practices. Further, we examined the possible pathways between marital conflict and child disordered eating and found that marital conflict was related to greater child emotional insecurity about the family, which was associated with greater child anxiety, which were then related to disordered eating. In addition to serving as a secondary pathway linking emotional insecurity to child disordered eating, anxiety also significantly directly mediated the association between marital conflict and all three types of disordered eating: restrained eating, emotional eating and external eating in children. Next we examined if parental feeding practices (food monitoring, food restriction and parental pressure to eat) moderate the relation between marital conflict and child disordered eating. Parental pressure to eat was negatively associated with child disordered eating under higher marital conflict. The current study highlights the importance of marital conflict and child emotional security as precursors of child disordered eating.     

Husbands' and Wives' Attachment Orientations and Depressive Symptoms: Predictors of Positive and Negative Conflict Behaviors in the Marriage

The present study examined both husbands' and wives' attachment orientations and depressive symptoms in predicting reports of marital conflict behaviors. Married couples (N = 60) completed questionnaires to assess their attachment orientations, depressive symptoms, and perceptions of positive and negative conflict behaviors in the marital relationship. Using hierarchical regression analyses, statistical models were tested wherein husbands' and wives' reports of marital conflict behaviors were regressed on their own and their spouses' attachment orientations and depressive symptoms. The results suggest that both attachment orientations and depressive symptoms were important predictors of reported marital conflict behaviors. However, different predictors were found for husbands' and wives' reports of positive and negative conflict behaviors. In general, spouses' attributes played only a small role in predicting reports of marital conflict behaviors.     

All marriages are not maintained equally: Marital type,marital quality,and the use of maintenance behaviors

Although a growing amount of research has shown that married couples enact behaviors that maintain or preserve the relationship, little attention has examined how maintenance strategies are used in different types of marriages. This study investigated differences in the use of maintenance behaviors and in perceptions of marital quality across various marital types and explored the relationship between maintenance behaviors, marital types and key indicators of marital quality. Data collected from 141 married couples indicated that couples differed in the use of maintenance behaviors among various marital types. Further, the relationship between maintenance behaviors and perceptions of the key indicators of marital quality varied depending upon couples’ideological frameworks. The findings allow for a better picture of the use of maintenance behaviors in different types of marriages.     

学前儿童问题行为对父母抚养压力的影响及夫妻亲密的调节作用

研究旨在探讨学前儿童问题行为对父亲、母亲抚养压力的影响及夫妻亲密在其中的作用机制。采用儿童问题行为问卷、抚养压力量表和夫妻亲密量表对3164名学前儿童的父母进行测查。研究发现：（1）母亲抚养压力在学前儿童问题行为与父亲抚养压力之间起部分中介作用;（2）夫妻亲密调节母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的作用,夫妻亲密越高,母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的预测作用越强,学前儿童问题行为通过母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的间接作用也越大。     

Marital Conflict as a Mediator of the Longitudinal Connections between Maternal Emotional Distress and Early Adolescent Maladjustment

In this study, we examined the longitudinal relations among maternal emotional distress, marital conflict, and early adolescent externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms during the transition to adolescence. 3 years of self-report data were collected from 136 married mothers and their children, beginning when the children were in 5th grade. Structural equations modeling with latent variables were conducted to examine the nature and directionality of paths between constructs. For mothers, results indicated that marital conflict mediated the relation between prior maternal emotional distress and subsequent early adolescent externalizing behaviors and internalizing symptoms. For early adolescents, a mediating pattern was seen only for externalizing behaviors. In testing the reverse pattern of effects for mothers, marital conflict mediated the relation between prior early adolescent externalizing behaviors and subsequent maternal emotional distress whereas only an indirect pattern of effects existed for internalizing symptoms. Thus, we identified dynamic patterns of familial relations that accounted for the diminished well-being of both early adolescents and their mothers, suggesting that prevention and intervention work during the transition to adolescence should focus on multiple components of family functioning.