Unprepared phobias: "be prepared".

The weaknesses of the equipotentiality premise are rehearsed and an alternative theory of preparedness, with particular reference to phobias, is outlined. Two clinical cases which appear to be contrary to prediction are described. Although their phobias were unprepared (lack of biological significance, rarity, and probably gradual acquisition) they showed features (high resistance and broad generalization) not predicted by the theory. It is suggested that these features may appear as a result of (i) overlearning. (ii) symbolic transformation or (iii) considerable associated psychopathology.     

农户林地使用权流转意愿影响因素的实证分析

农户是林地使用权流转的重要主体。规范和推进林地使用权流转应当充分尊重农户的流转意愿。本文基于农户微观视角,运用江西铜鼓县和靖安县77户农户调查数据,实证分析了农户林地使用权流转意愿的影响因素。研究结果表明:地区差异因素、农户是否以非农收入为主、流转是否容易以及林地地块数量因素对农户的林地使用权转出意愿有显著影响。而流转是否容易、农户是否以非农收入为主、户主年龄、林地地块数量因素对林地使用权转入意愿影响显著。本文还提出了尊重农户意愿、保障农户收益、提高农户的非农收入水平、加强政策引导、稳定林权、完善流转市场及相关机制、考虑地区差异等建议。     

Reading Freud's "the Dynamics of Transference" one hundred years later

Freud's technical papers, "The Dynamics of Transference" in particular, established most of the basis for a century of clinical psychoanalytic work. A contemporary reading of that paper illustrates both the power of the original presentation and how far we have come. Close readings are given of crucial passages, including retranslations where Strachey's English arguably distorts Freud's language or intent. More broadly, Freud's conclusions are examined to reveal correspondences with current thinking or its foreshadowing. Although Freud drove toward unifying conclusions, he at the same time described a disparate array of clinical phenomena. The paper's central points are situated historically, both in Freud's evolution and in the subsequent evolution toward the pluralistic clinical theory of today. Freud encountered many of the challenges we face, noting them in ways both clinically useful and fruitful for other theorists. The use of the paper's central tenets is traced historically, showing how ideas that provide a radical, liberating, and facilitating guide for analysts can over time devolve into hackneyed rules. Finally, it is noted how transference phenomena are increasingly being discussed as a specific type of dyadic human experience. The task in the coming century is to develop theory and vocabulary for comprehending these phenomena and integrating them with Freud's intrapsychic concepts.     

Transference reactions in conjoint therapy: A view from an observation group

Summary This paper reports on conjoint therapy conducted with the individual therapists of two of the group's members observing the group sessions. The development of the transference reactions of all group members are highlighted and suggestions are made regarding the most useful methods of handling these transference reactions to help create a mutative experience for the members of the group.The author wishes to thank Dr. Judith Isaac for her comments and editorial assistance throughout the preparation of this paper.     

Deconstruction and creation: an Augustinian deconstruction of Derrida

In recent continental philosophy of religion there has been significant attention paid to the Abrahamic doctrines of creation ex nihilo and divine omnipotence, especially by deconstructive thinkers such as Derrida, Caputo, and Keller. For these thinkers, the doctrine represents a form of agency that does violence to various forms of alterity. While broadly supportive of their fundamental philosophical and ethico-political views, especially about the primordiality of alterity, I differ from them in that I argue that creation ex nihilo articulates the very structure of the alterity they are concerned with. The essay proceeds through a reading of Derrida’s representation of the doctrine and a “deconstruction” of his view by means of a reading of Augustine and Anselm.     

A further footnote to Freud's "fragment of an analysis of a case of hysteria".

While ther is no evidence that Freud ever had in analysis a leading political figure, he did analyze the sister of one, and made her the basis of an important case study. Dora's brother, Otto Bauer, was an influential Marxist theoretician and leader of the Austrian Socialist Party from 1918 to 1934. Freud's Dora case illuminates the psychodynamics of Otto Bauer's life and career, and a re-examination of the case together with recent research also provides us with new information about Freud's analysis of Dora and the milieu in which they both lived.     

Comment on "personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting".

The methodology and results of a recent investigation by Louks, Freeman, and Calsyn (1978) are reviewed. It is demonstrated that the results may have been confounded by inappropriate experimental procedures. Regardless of the methodological deficiencies associated with the experimental procedures, the results do not provide adequate support for the continued differentiation of individual low back pain patients with respect to the etiology of their pain. It is suggested that psychologists may best contribute to the assessment and treatment of individual pain patients by developing actuarial rules regarding the pain-related behavioral characteristics shared by members of various patient subgroups and the specific treatments to which subgroup members best respond.     

A further look at the "language-as-fixed-effect fallacy".

The proper analysis of experiments using language materials has been a source of controversy and debate among researchers. We summarize the main issues and discuss the solutions that have been presented. Even though the major issues have been dealt with extensively in the literature, there still exists quite a bit of confusion about how to analyze the data from such experiments. We discuss a number of the most frequently voiced objections. In particular, we discuss the issue of what happens if in a counterbalanced design only some of the items show the treatment effect. Finally, a possible solution is discussed for the case where only partial matching of items between conditions is possible.     

On the special status of "ego threats".

This article comments on a recent article by Heatherton, Herman, and Polivy (1991) in which they suggest that ego threats are a prerequisite to affectively induced disinhibition of food intake in restrained eaters and current dieters. In contrast, the present review suggests that mood induction procedures that involve no apparent threat (e.g., viewing a frightening film) can also prompt disinhibition in restrained eaters. Thus, any mood induction procedure that does not directly physically threaten the S may disinhibit restrained eaters. It is concluded that recommendations to focus future research on ego threats are premature and may serve to obscure the mechanisms by which changes in affective state influence food intake in dieters.     

Transference: current concepts and controversies

In this paper I have presented a brief outline of some of the more important issues regarding transference. To summarize I shall restate ten transference issues heretofore discussed: What should be included in the definition of transference? Should it be defined narrowly or broadly? In what ways can transference be usefully viewed in relation to reality? What merit is there in distinguishing the working alliance from transference? Should self and object transference be differentiated? Should transference neuroses be discriminated from transference reactions on the one hand and from transference psychoses on the other? In addition to sexual and aggressive transferences, should sexualized and aggressivitized transferences, respectively, be distinguished? How may transference be conceived of as a vehicle of cure and yet also as a resistance to cure? What is to be said for the relative merit of the "here and now" versus the "there and then?" What is the role of transference in relation to insight on the one hand and to the therapeutic object on the other? What are some of the basic issues in countertransference?     

Transference and Countertransference: New Horizons

In this exploratory study one set of patients (n – 50) was randomly assigned to either short-term group therapy or short-term individual therapy. Another set of patients was randomly assigned to either long-term group therapy or long-term individual therapy. All patients were rated prior to therapy on fifteen variables which were believed to be important for psychoanalytically oriented therapy. A comprehensive battery of outcome measures was administered both before and after therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted in an effort to discover differential predictors of improvement for group therapy and individual therapy. None of the variables was found to be a significant predictor of improvement in one type of therapy and of nonimprovement in the other type. However, a number of variables were found to be significant predictors of improvement for one type of therapy but not for the other. It is suggested that for a given patient, a pattern of scoring on a number of such variables might tend to favor one type of therapy over another. The authors hope that the present study will serve to encourage further research work on the issue of assisting clinicians in their decisions concerning general and differential prediction of therapy outcome.     

Asymmetry of doubt in medical self-diagnosis: the ambiguity of "uncertain wellness".

In 2 studies Ss received a clear or an unclear diagnosis, indicating either disease or no disease. In Experiment 1, Ss responded to a hypothetical bacteria test. In Experiment 2, Ss performed 2 saliva tests purportedly measuring risk for pancreatic disorders. Responses to the unclear well diagnosis were unique in several ways. Ss thought the test more invalid, inferred a greater likelihood of illness from a 2nd identical result, saw the disorder as more pernicious, and held no self-protective beliefs about the test or the disease. Moreover, desire for treatment among these Ss was as great as among those receiving a clear diagnosis of illness. Possible mechanisms are discussed, as are potential applications to clinical issues and to the development and maintenance of hypochondriacal health concerns.