3～6岁儿童人格发展的群组序列追踪研究

目的:运用自编幼儿人格发展教师评定问卷对幼儿人格进行追踪测量,探讨其年龄及性别发展特点。方法:用整群抽样法选取3~3.5岁、3.5~4岁、4~4.5岁3个年龄群组幼儿为被试,采用群组序列的追踪设计,进行为期1年半的追踪测量,结合潜变量增长曲线模型和多层线性模型处理数据,探讨幼儿在3~6岁间人格的发展特点。结果:(1)幼儿的智能特征、认真自控、外倾性、亲社会性、情绪稳定性5个人格维度在3~4岁发展最快,4~5岁持续增长但发展速度放缓,到5~6岁时趋于平稳;(2)女孩的认真自控和亲社会性在3岁时显著高于男孩,但在3~6岁间的增长率不存在差异,即女孩的认真自控和亲社会性在幼儿阶段发展水平始终高于男孩。结论:从家庭进入幼儿园的环境变迁促使了幼儿人格的进一步发展,5岁左右幼儿人格开始初步形成;女孩的认真自控和亲社会性水平在幼儿阶段始终高于男孩。     

4～7岁儿童内在动机的追踪研究

把内在动机看作是一种特质,将其划分为物为定向内在动机和人为定向内在动机.对110名儿童进行了为期三年的追踪(从4岁到7岁).在儿童4岁和7岁时,实验室的自由游戏情境中对他们进行录像观察,编码他们的两种内在动机.由父母报告他们对儿童的控制.结果表明:(1)儿童从4岁到7岁,物为定向内在动机和人为定向内在动机均呈显著上升趋势.(2)在儿童4岁、7岁时,物为定向内在动机和人为定向内在动机均呈显著负相关.(3)在儿童4岁、7岁时,物为定向内在动机均显著高于人为定向内在动机.(4)在儿童4岁和7岁时,父母控制与儿童物为定向内在动机和人为定向内在动机均无显著相关.     

儿童攻击行为的短期追踪干预研究:从社会信息加工的角度

以社会信息加工模型(Social Information-Processing Model,简称SIP)为理论依据设计社会认知干预方案,将被试(包括132名攻击性儿童)分为实验组、安慰剂(阅读)组和控制组进行短期追踪干预研究,在此基础上考察该干预方案对减少儿童的攻击行为以及提高社会信息加工能力的作用。研究结果表明:(1)该干预方案对提高攻击性儿童的社会信息加工能力有明显的即时效果和持续效果,具体表现为该方案有效地减少了攻击性儿童的敌意归因偏见和攻击行为的产生,有助于攻击性儿童建立关系目标并正确认知攻击行为的后果;(2)班主任评定三组儿童的攻击行为显著减少,评定结果可能受到期望效应的影响。     

3～11岁儿童类比推理发展的研究

该研究随机抽取180名3~11岁儿童,采用几何图形、关系图形、词语、数字、故事五种材料,考察儿童类比推理发展的年龄特点和规律。结果发现：（1）4~5岁儿童开始能够进行类比推理,类比推理随年龄的增长逐渐发展,呈上升趋势;（2）儿童类比推理的发展表现出阶段性的特点;（3）儿童类比推理的发展不受材料影响,具有一定稳定性;（4）小学高年级儿童类比推理发展水平较高,学前儿童水平较低。     

4～5岁儿童认知发展:适龄入园的积极影响

在全国范围内采取四阶段分层随机抽样,以1391名4岁儿童为被试,采用追踪调查,先后两次(间隔一年)测查儿童的认知能力,建立两水平回归模型考察幼儿园入园年龄与4～5岁儿童认知发展的关系,并进一步探讨家庭学习环境对入园年龄效应的调节作用。结果发现:(1)入园年龄对儿童认知发展的影响是非线性的,且入园年龄效应在儿童5岁时仍然存在;(2)对于家庭学习环境差的儿童,较早入园使得儿童获得认知发展的优势;对于家庭学习环境较好的儿童,则存在一个适中的入园年龄段,能最大程度促进儿童的认知发展。     

3-6岁儿童的冲突,攻击与同伴地位

本研究将在严格定义冲突与攻击这两个概念的基础上,研究3至6岁儿童冲突、攻击与同伴地位这三者间的关系。攻击这个词在本研究中定义为一个人故意打、踢、推或伤害他人身体(躯体攻击)和口头污蔑或诋毁另一个人(口头攻击),而冲突则是两个人的一种人际交往的方式,其表现为两个人意见不一致、不和或相互对立。本研究将对3至6岁儿童在自然冲突的情况下,考察以下问题:1.儿童参与冲突的比率与他们(她们)的被观察到的口头和躯体攻击的关系;2.在十周的观察前后进行的两次社交测量中所得到的“喜欢”和“厌恶”分数是否与冲突(如打架)有关;3.口头和躯体攻击的比率与同伴地位的关系。本研     

4～6岁儿童直接推理能力及策略的实验研究

采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,对4－6岁儿童的直接推理能力进行了实验研究,结果表明：（1）学前儿童萌发了评议条件下的直接推理能力,但年龄发展效应并不明显;（2）对于学前儿童而言,否定前提下的直接推理并不比肯定前提的难。但是,如果进行了反义词的转换,同样的任务,却增加了肯定前提下直接推理的任务难度,而对否定前提下的直接堆理没有影响;（3）学前儿童在直接推理时多种策略并存,随着年龄的增长,有效策略的生成能力有了明显的提高,但有效策略的使用能力并没有与有效策略的生成能力同步发展,而是表现为落后的趋势。     

攻击行为儿童大脑半球某些认知特点的研究

为了解攻击行为儿童大脑两半球的认知活动特点,采用侧视野速示呈现技术,对径“同伴提名量表”筛选的１７名攻南 儿童和１６名正常儿童进行了比较研究。     

3～9岁儿童自尊结构研究

根据对教师的开放式问卷调查和理论分析,构建了3～9岁儿童自尊结构的理论模型,编制了3～9岁儿童自尊教师评定问卷;通过探索性与验证性因素分析,结果表明：(1)编制的3～9岁儿童自尊教师评定闽卷具有较好的信度、效度和适用性：(2)3～9岁儿童自尊结构由重要感、自我胜任感和外表感构成。     

学前儿童情绪表达规则认知发展特征及其影响因素：一项追踪研究

采用故事访谈法对60名学前儿童在害怕、生气和高兴情境中的情绪表达规则认知发展特征及其影响因素进行间隔1年的3次追踪测查,结果发现：（1）自我目标、夸大策略水平迅速提升,掩饰策略缓慢提升,社会目标发展先快后慢,平静化策略先慢后快,情绪表达规则知识与弱化策略的发展因性别而异;（2）情绪表达目标和策略因情境而异;（3）儿童在好朋友面前多为他人考虑而表达情绪,在父母面前正好相反;（4）女童社会目标水平高于男童。结果表明,学前儿童情绪表达规则认知各因子具有不同的发展特征,情境、人际背景和性别对其发展均有显著影响。     

ESCAPE AS A FACTOR IN THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF TWO RETARDED CHILDREN

This study sought to identify some of the variables controlling the severely aggressive behavior of two retarded children. In Experiment 1, each child was presented with several demand and nondemand situations. Aggression was frequent in the demand situations and rare in the nondemand situations. When a stimulus correlated with the termination of demands was introduced, aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiment 2, for one child, a variety of preferred reinforcers was introduced into the demand situation contingent on correct responding. Aggression abruptly decreased to a low level. Experiments 3 and 4 involved the second child. In Experiment 3, this child was permitted, in one condition, to leave the demand situation if he emitted a nonaggressive response. Aggression decreased to a low level. In Experiment 4, he was prevented, in one condition, from leaving the demand situation in spite of high levels of aggression. Aggression fell to a near zero level. In Experiments 3 and 4, he was permitted, in several conditions, to leave the demand situation following aggressive behavior. Aggression increased to a high level. The results suggested that: (1) aggression can sometimes function as an escape response; and (2) escape-motivated aggression can be controlled by: (a) introducing strongly preferred reinforcers to attenuate the aversiveness of the demand situation; (b) strengthening an alternative, nonaggressive escape response; or (c) using an escape-extinction procedure.     

解决人际问题的认知技能对4—5岁儿童同伴交往行为的影响的实验研究

通过对解决人际问题的认知技能（ＩＣＰＳ）低和高的幼儿同伴交往行为的比较,以及对ＩＣＰＳ低的幼儿进行训练所引起的ＩＣＰＳ变化的比较,发现ＩＣＰＳ高的幼儿同伴交往行为优于ＩＣＰＳ低的幼儿;对ＩＣＰＳ低的幼儿进行训练能改善幼儿的同伴交往行为,增加幼儿的被接受程度,降低幼儿的被拒绝程度;认知在幼儿同伴交往中起着重要作用．     

材料的几何属性差异对3—7岁儿童分类标准影响的研究

以７３名３—７岁儿童为被试,通过变换分类材料的几何属性（形状或大小）的差异程度,采用自由分类方法,探讨材料差异程度的变换对儿童分类标准的影响。结果表明：３—７岁儿童的分类标准均受分类材料几何属性差异变化的影响。３岁儿童的分类标准几乎完全随分类材料的变换而改变;４—５岁儿童的分类标准主要表现为随分类材料的变换而改变;６—７岁儿童的分类标准虽然有随分类材料的变换而改变的趋势,但已经表现出比较稳定的按形状分类;５—６岁是儿童分类能力发展的质的飞跃阶段。     

A BRIEF FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSIVE AND ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOR IN AN OUTCLINIC SETTING

We conducted a brief functional analysis to identify maintaining variables for aggressive behavior and an alternative replacement response during a 90-min outpatient evaluation of 3 individuals with severe handicaps. During the initial analogue assessment, which focused on identifying maintaining contingencies for aggressive behavior, each participant displayed a substantially greater frequency of aggressive behavior during one condition than during any other. The contingency that produced the highest percentage of aggressive behavior was then presented for the occurrence of a specific alternative behavior (a mand). During this contingency reversal phase, each participant displayed a substantial reduction in aggressive behavior and a substantial increase in alternative behavior, thus providing a direct analysis of the equivalency of the contingency for maintaining either behavior.     

结果预期与结果反应对儿童意图认知和道德判断的影响

考察了结果预期与结果反应对儿童意图认知和道德判断的影响。结果表明,结果预期影响幼儿园和小学儿童的意图认知,结果反应仅影响幼儿园儿童的意图认知;结果预期和结果反应显著地影响幼儿园和小学儿童的道德判断,但结果预期对小学儿童道德判断的影响要比结果反应大。     

汉字部件及其位置的发展研究

选取小学二年级、五年级学生和大学生对汉字部件及其位置的发展进行了研究。结果表明,汉字部件的发展在3个年级表现出一致的趋势。部件位置的发展趋势不一致,它在小学五年级阶段表现出更重要的作用。     

学习品质训练与小学生人格发展的相关研究

本研究采用自编教材,对１０８名小学五年级学生进行为期一年的学习品质训练,结果表明：开设学习品质训练果,能够改善小学生的学习行为表现,有效地影响小学生人格品质的发展。     

影响儿童亲社会行为的因素的研究

本研究以小学二、四年级和初中预备班的学生为研究对象,通过问卷的方式对影响儿童亲社会行为的因素进行了测查.研究结果表明,人际交往状况对儿童亲社会行为的影响非常显著,同伴关系好、人际信任度高的儿童有较多的亲社会行为;父母教养方式对这一年龄段儿童的亲社会行为的影响不太明显;此外,研究还发现,焦虑程度较高的儿童,其亲社会行为相对较少.     

THE INFLUENCE OF BEHAVIOR PRECEDING A REINFORCED RESPONSE ON BEHAVIOR CHANGE IN THE CLASSROOM1

The influence of behavior that immediately precedes a reinforced target response on the effectiveness of a reinforcement contingency was examined in two experiments with mentally retarded children in a special-education classroom. Two reinforcement schedules were examined in each experiment. For each schedule, a prespecified period of attentive behavior served as the target response. The schedules differed in whether inattentive or attentive behavior was required immediately to precede the target response. These schedules were examined with one child in a simultaneous treatment design using praise as the reinforcer (Experiment I), and with two children in separate reversal designs using tokens as the reinforcer (Experiment II). While attentive behavior increased under each schedule, the increase was greater when attentive rather than inattentive behavior preceded the reinforced response. The results indicated that the effect of a contingency may be determined not only by the specific response reinforced but also by the behavior that immediately precedes that response.     

THE EFFECTS OF A GOOD BEHAVIOR GAME ON THE DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF SUDANESE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

An endemic version of the Good Behavior Game was applied in a rural Sudanese second-grade classroom. Official letters of commendation, extra time for recess, victory tags, and a winner's chart were used as backup reinforcers. The class was divided into two teams, and the teacher indicated she would place a check on the board after every rule violation. The students were also told that the team with the fewest marks would win the game and receive the aforementioned prizes. After an initial adaptation period, the rate of disruption was charted across four treatment phases: viz., baseline I, introduction of the game, baseline II, and reintroduction of the game. It was observed that the game phases were associated with marked decreases in the rate of seat leaving, talking without permission, and aggression. The teacher, principal, parents, and students were consequently individually interviewed, and their comments spoke strongly for the social validity of the game.