斯洛特的不对称性思想

斯洛特认为,常识道德和康德主义都低估了主体的道德价值,因而都存在着人我不对称性的问题,而这种不对称性问题则使得这两种理论陷入了困境.虽然功利主义与德性论在处理人我关系时都是对称性的,但与德性论相比,功利主义中的对称性也有着明显的不足.     

"性善"说的理想与不足

"性善"说是孟子哲学思想的核心,强调人最终的道德本然性,从而达到维护整个社会稳定的目的.比之康德"人本质是道德自由与自律"的观点两者有表面的相似与内含的本质区别.     

康德道德宗教的理论位置及其合理意义

康德道德宗教的理论位置及其合理意义孙波批判与建设是康德哲学对时代精神的反映。从“批判”认识出发,经由“物自体”,导出伦理学,以“上帝”做为道德学说的证明和补充,这是宗教在康德哲学体系中所处的理论位置,也是我们理解康德道德宗教的合理起点。“上帝”是实践...     

牟宗三"实践的智慧学"探求诠论

对哲学作为“实践的智慧学”的探求是牟宗三后期哲学思考的核心。这一探索,开启了牟宗三中国哲学与康德哲学双向诠释的基本视域,也拓出了道德形而上学体系建构的理论地平。“实践的智慧学”诠释具有独特的理论内涵,也隐含了牟氏道德形上学自我批判与超越的思想线索。     

有道德的权利尊严如何可能——以道德为基础的康德尊严理论

在康德的道德哲学中,尊严是人的生命存在的最高价值。康德的尊严理论建立在纯粹实践理性的道德自由之上,但是康德所理解的尊严不仅是一种道德尊严,而且从道德尊严可以衍生出权利尊严。以道德为基础的康德尊严理论,既继承了传统的德性尊严观,又具有现代权利尊严的特征,这种融合道德和权利的"有道德的权利尊严"观对指引当代人更好地实现有尊严的生活具有重要的启迪意义。     

道德信仰何以可能——康德道德信仰的理性基础及其现实性重建

与宗教信仰相对立,康德试图要在主体自身理性的基础上确立起对道德的信仰.主体自身"纯粹的实践理性"是康德道德信仰的理性基础.但是,"纯粹的实践理性"存在着现代性道德困境,如果不能化解这一悖论,那么"道德"就难以成为理性存在者的普遍信仰.为此,康德试图以制度公正作为现实中的上帝来确保建立"善恶因果联系"的理性法则.因此,康德的道德信仰的理性基础包括个体的道德理性和制度的道德理性两个方面.尽管由于康德的矛盾心态和他所处的社会现实,他的政治与道德一体的实践哲学最终是不彻底的.但康德的意义无疑可以帮助我们把对道德信仰的思考从"纯粹的实践理性"导向更加理性和成熟的"实践的理性".     

黑格尔对道德的批判

黑格尔的伦理思想以他关于“道德法”和“伦理法”的区分以及对康德道德理论的批判而著名.本文的作者Mlen W.伍德从黑格尔早期关于道德问题的思考切入,以《自然法论文》、《精神现象学》以及《法哲学原理》为主要文本,较为系统地阐发了黑格尔对道德的批判.作者认为,黑格尔虽然批判了道德观点的空洞性、抽象性,但是赞同道德是伦理生活的一个方面和现代文化的组成部分.对于黑格尔而言,道德不是形而上学的假设,它要在伦理生活中获得实现.黑格尔与康德的伦理思想并不完全对立,他们共享着同样的伦理价值、理性自治,只是黑格尔试图在康德伦理思想的基础上使道德走出主观性的应该、把伦理价值与社会和历史现实联系起来.     

从承认理论到多元正义构想——霍耐特哲学思想发展的基本轨迹

承认理论是霍氏政治哲学、道德哲学的思想核心,多元正义构想则是霍氏承认理论的进一步拓展.因而,从承认理论到多元正义构想是霍氏哲学思想发展基本轨迹.如果说,霍氏试图将承认理论从交往理论进一步发展为道德一元论,使之处于康德传统的道德理论与社群主义之间;那么,其多元正义构想及政治伦理学则试图在康德道德哲学、后现代伦理学与哈贝马斯话话伦理学之间进行调和.总起来说,霍氏承认理论已经构成了一个比较完整的框架,但多元正义构想及政治伦理学则只是处于初创阶段,还有待于进一步阐发和完善.     

公共理性及其道德意义:康德与罗尔斯的诠释

公共理性是康德和罗尔斯都关注的论题之一.康德把公共理性与包括道德启蒙在内的人类启蒙相勾连,以实践理性为根据,揭示了公共理性与人格、道德律令、正义等的可能性联系.罗尔斯力图在人的一种深度自我道德启蒙的意义上,进一步阐明公共理性与自我、正义、道德感等的关系.康德和罗尔斯对公共理性及其道德意义的诠释,本质上是对现代公民道德的存在根据与根本特征的阐明.     

论哈贝马斯对道德与伦理的区分

哈贝马斯借助于道德与伦理的区分对"我应当做什么"做出了一元与多元的不同回答.哈贝马斯对道德和伦理的区分是在全面总结亚里士多德的伦理学、功利主叉和康德的道德学说的基础上做出的,同时对黑格尔的道德与伦理的区分理论予以深刻批判.但是,哈贝马斯的区分陷入视角论、类型论和综合论三重标准相互抵牾之中,其区分理论也由此陷入困境.     

Monologs,Dialogues, Bodies,Words, Silence,Photographs, Death

ABSTRACT

An examination of a clinical case in which severe demands on the analyst were made to bear silence and trauma unprocessable by the analysand. This discussion draws on the work of Coltart and Ferenczi to consider the demands of such work on the analyst. Intergenerational transmissions of trauma are also considered in the understanding of this case.     

Narrow-band 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, and 96 cycles/360 degrees angular frequency filters

We measured human frequency response functions for eleven angular frequency filters using a forced-choice procedure in a supra-threshold summation paradigm. Each of the eleven functions of 17 experimental conditions was measured 4-9 times among 12 observers. Results show that, for the arbitrarily selected filter phases, maximum summation effect occurred at test frequency for all filters. These results lead to the conclusion that there are narrow-band angular frequency filters operating in human visual system mostly through summation surrounded by inhibition at the specific test frequency ranges. Our previous suggestion (Simas and Santos, 2002), arguing that summation for the higher angular frequency filters should occur if background angular frequency contrast were set to a maximum of 5 times the test frequency threshold, was supported.     

Contrast, induction, facilitation, suppression, and conservation

Ten rats received all of their water in daily 1-hr sessions. Following a baseline phase in which lever and water spout were freely available throughout each session, subjects were trained to press the lever for water on mixed schedules composed of two alternating components. Each component gave access to water for a fixed cumulation of drinking time every time the rat cumulated a fixed amount of lever-pressing time. Changes in one component produced contrast and induction effects, both positive and negative, with respect to both lever pressing and drinking in the unchanged component. All schedules facilitated lever pressing relative to baseline. All schedules suppressed drinking relative to baseline, even though contingency sessions allowed ample time to perform the baseline amount of drinking. The entire pattern of results was predicted in quantitative detail by assuming that the total amount of a dimension apportioned to lever pressing and drinking is conserved between baseline and contingency sessions. Conservation theory was shown to predict several effects produced by simple fixed-ratio schedules, and was compared favorably with probability-differential (Premack, 1971) and response-deprivation (Timberlake and Allison, 1974) theory.