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1.
Ole Hanseth 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2001,14(3):71-89
This article concerns the Nordunet project and its “plug.” It is a history about how the Internet “won” the “religious war”
about computer communication protocol standards in Scandinavia. It teaches us important lessons about how the Nordic countries
(except Denmark) became the leading ones in the adoption and use of the Internet. On a more general level this story also
teaches us an important lesson about the importance of gateways in the design and establishment of large scale computer networks
and information infrastructures. It is a universal truth that the development of such technologies requires standards. And
that gateways are equally important. The main conclusion drawn is that what matters in the development of such technologies
is to combine and balance the use of gateways and standards in a proper way.
Originally trained as a computer scientist his research focuses mainly on the interplay between social and technical issues
in the development and use of large-scale information systems and infrastructures—including their standards. He has worked
most of his professional career within applied research institutions and industry and before moving into academia in 1997. 相似文献
2.
Niels Röling 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1992,5(1):42-64
As agriculture develops, policy and management decisions increasingly focus on agricultural innovation emerging from utilizing
knowledge and/or technology. This paper considers models for underpinning knowledge and technology policy and management.
It describes the emergence of knowledge systems thinking. The system construct is applied to actors (individuals, networks
and institutions) involved in knowledge processes. These actors potentially form a highly articulated and complex whole. Knowledge
policy and management focus on measures that enhance the synergy between actors. Knowledge systems are viewed as “soft systems,”
i.e., they only become systems as a result of active construction and joint learning. The soft systems perspective facilitates
the identification of various knowledge system models, which have consequences for policy and management decisions with respect
to investment, design, and training. In an attempt to create a unifying theory for these models, it is posited that these
models are consistent combinations of innovation, knowledge process and structural configuration.
Currently, he is the director of an international program on “Comparative research in knowledge systems in support of sustainable
agriculture.” 相似文献
3.
Many have claimed that education of the ethical issues raised by biotechnology is essential in universities, but there is
little knowledge of its effectiveness. The focus of this paper is to investigate how university students assess the information
given in class to make their own value judgments and decisions relating to issues of agricultural biotechnology, especially
over genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Analysis of homework reports related with agricultural biotechnology after identification
of key concepts and ideas in each student report is presented. The ideas were sorted into different categories. The ideas
were compared with those in the reading materials using the same categories. These categories included: concern about affects
on humans, affects on the environment, developing countries and starvation, trust in industry, responsibility of scientists,
risk perception, media influence, need for (international) organizations or third parties, and information dissemination.
What was consistent through the different years was that more than half of the students took a “neutral” position. A report
was scored as “neutral” when the report included both the positive and negative side of an issue, or when the student could
not make a definite decision about the use of GMOs and GM food. While it may be more difficult to defend a strong “for” or
“against” position, some students used logical arguments successfully in doing so. Sample comments are presented to depict
how Japanese students see agricultural technology, and how they value its application, with comparisons to the general social
attitudes towards biotechnology. 相似文献
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5.
Yuval Dror 《Jewish History》2007,21(2):179-197
How the challenge of teaching the Bible was met by educators who were members of the Kibbutz and Labor movements during the
years before the establishment of the Israeli State is the subject of the following essay. Years ago, Jacobus Schoneveld,
(1976), recently followed by Asher Shkedi (2004) proposed dividing educators of the Labor and Kibbutz movements into three
types: those who wished to stress “national reconstruction,” those directed toward teaching a “universal humanism” and those
seeking to awaken “moral dialogue” and achieve “personal growth.” In fact, such clear-cut lines of demarcation did not exist.
The goals were these, but approaches themselves were always mixed. One distinguishes educational goals better by a more simple
division into the questions of what is to be taught (religious versus Secular materials) and through which ancillary disciplines.
Doing so has the virtue of highlighting how these educators were animated by their quest after how best to teach Biblical
morality with the aim of “shaping” the student or achieving “emulation,” especially by generating a “dialogue” between the
pupil and the biblical text, leading to “personal growth.” These emphases tell us much about the pre-State educational mentality
and pedagogical ideals. 相似文献
6.
Over the past several decades, geneticists have succeeded in identifying the genetic mutations associated with disease. New
strategies for treatment, including gene transfer and gene therapy, are under development. Although genetic science has been
welcomed for its potential to predict and treat disease, interventions may become ethically objectionable if they threaten
to alter characteristics that are distinctively human.
Before we can determine whether or not a genetic technique carries this risk, we must clarify what it means to be “human”.
This paper inquires how “humanness” has been defined within various academic fields. The views of several legal theoreists,
scientists, bioethicists, psychologists, philosophers and anthropologists whose works seem to best reflect how “humanness”
is understood in their respective fields of study are considered. Our survey attempts to chart a path for a more detailed
study on the meaning of “humanness” in the future.
We assess four traits commonly identified in the literature as defining what it means to be human: cognition, biological or
physiological composition, social interaction with other “human” beings, and spirituality. The nature of the relationship
between these characteristics, in our view, is symbiotic: genetic intervention which alters one of them could have repercussions
on one or more of the others. In conclusion, we offer guidance to those participating in genetic research and treatment regarding
the parameters within which they may proceed without threatening the preservation of what is distinctively human. 相似文献
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9.
Chrisoula Andreou 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2006,9(3):311-325
I focus on the broadly instrumentalist view that all genuine practical imperatives are hypothetical imperatives and all genuine practical deliberation is deliberation from existing motivations. After indicating why I see instrumentalism as highly plausible, I argue that the most popular version of instrumentalism, according to which genuine practical imperatives can take desires as their starting point, is problematic. I then provide a limited defense of what I see as a more radical but also more compelling version of instrumentalism. According to the position I defend, genuine practical deliberation and genuine practical imperatives take as their starting point the agent's intentions and only the agent's intentions.Given my loose usage, the Humean position Bernard Williams defends in his seminal article “Internal and External Reasons” (1981) counts as a version of instrumentalism about practical reason, since it incorporates the idea that every genuine practical imperative takes as its starting point some existing motivation(s) of the agent. It deviates from strict instrumentalism in that it leaves room for specificationist reasoning (reasoning aimed at moving from general ends to specific ends) in addition to means-end reasoning. For example, it leaves room for practical reasoning that is focused on “finding constitutive solutions, such as deciding what would make for an entertaining evening, granted that one wants entertainment” or on “thinking how the satisfaction of elements in [one's subjective motivational set] can be combined, e.g. by time-ordering” (Williams, 1981, p. 104). 相似文献
10.
This paper analyses how agricultural policy and science deal with the problem of increasing exploitation of low quality irrigation
water and consequent deterioration of water quality in the States of Punjab and Haryana in India. In these cereal growing
tracts the policy objective of food security is translated into production technologies, price protection and subsidies. Deterioration
of water quality is countered with technocentric solutions. The paper argues that the response of science to the complexities
involved in natural resource problems or in the scientific understanding of farmers partial response to technological solutions
recommended to improve degraded resources, is due to the existing “administrative rationalism” of natural resource bureaucracies.
This administrative rationalism, “the problem-solving discourse which emphasizes the role of the expert rather than the citizen”
allows policy and science to maintain their hierarchy in determining policy goals and technological solutions with scant ecological
or democratic concerns. Sustainable use of water demands institutional reform in agricultural policy and the agricultural
sciences.
With an inter-disciplinary training in the agricultural sciences and economics, her publications address the history of and
institutional reform in agricultural science, the evaluation of agricultural research, and the organization and measurement
of agricultural research effort. This paper is based on an in-house project on “Ex-post evaluation of soil science technologies,” conducted during 1997–2001, in collaboration with Sunita Sangar (then QHS Fellow,
NISTADS) whose Ph.D. thesis on the same topic has been submitted to IIT, Delhi in January 2002. Sunita Sangar has a degree
in the life sciences, and is interested in science and technology policy issues related to soil and water resources. The authors
are currently working on the NATP sponsored project, on an ecological economics framework for the evaluation of soil science
research in India. 相似文献
11.
Everyday action in the world requires the coordination of “where,” “when,” and “how” with “what.” In late infancy, there appear
to be changes in how these different streams of information are integrated into the sequential organization of action. An
experiment with 12-, 15-, and 18-month-olds was conducted in order to determine the influence of object properties and locations
on the sequential selection of targets for reaching. The results reveal a developmental trend from reach decisions’ being
influenced only by the spatial layout of locations to the overall pattern of reaching’s being influenced by the global configuration
of object properties to object properties’ influencing the sequential decision of what to reach to next. This trend is a new
finding regarding the development of goal-directed action in late infancy. 相似文献
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13.
李景林 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):198-210
Feng Youlan emphasizes the concept of “creativity” in his article “Explanation of Mencius’ Chapter on Strong, Moving Vital
Force”, in particular highlighting the problem whether the “strong, moving vital force” is “innate” or “acquired”. Cheng Hao
and Zhu Xi believed the “strong, moving vital force” was endowed by Heaven, so was therefore innate; “nourishment” cleared
fog and allowed one to “recover one’s original nature”. Mencius’ theory on “the good of human nature” is illustrated in the
concept of integrated “original endowment”. So Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory of “recovering the original nature” proposed
that the “strong, moving vital force” was innate, which is in complete agreement with Mencius and of which there is ample
evidence in Mencius. However, “nature” is “created by the accumulation of righteousness”. Namely, it is the completion and presentation of the
process of creation and transformation of human beings. Only when we consider both Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory and Feng
Youlan’s theory can we fully understand Mencius’ theory of “the nourishment of the strong, moving vital force”, which is of
great theoretical and academic value in accurately understanding Mencius and the Confucian theory of mind-nature.
Translated by Lei Yongqiang from Shehui kexue zhanxian 社会科学战线 (Social Science Front), 2007, (5):12–16 相似文献
14.
Gary L. St. C. Oates 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):415-441
The viability of five prominent explanations for the black–white performance gap (“academic engagement,” “cultural capital,”
“social capital,” “school quality” and “biased treatment”) is examined using NELS data and a LISREL model that adjusts for
clustering of students within schools. Empirical models have typically assessed these factors individually—a practice that probably fosters overestimation of their explanatory power. School quality and biased treatment emerge as
the primary explanations for black–white high school test performance differentials. Access to better-quality schools and
receipt of more stimulating interpersonal “signals” from gatekeepers ensue from racial (and socioeconomic) privilege. Enhanced
test performance in turn ensues from these resources. In essence, the explanations for the racial gap that place more emphasis
on what black and white students “bring to” high school (i.e., specific levels of engagement, cultural and social capital),
seem less consequential to performance differentials than “what happens to” them when they get there (i.e., quality of education
provided, and race-contingent treatment received). 相似文献
15.
Richard Johns 《Synthese》2011,181(2):255-275
There is presently considerable interest in the phenomenon of “self-organisation” in dynamical systems. The rough idea of
self-organisation is that a structure appears “by itself” in a dynamical system, with reasonably high probability, in a reasonably
short time, with no help from a special initial state, or interaction with an external system. What is often missed, however,
is that the standard evolutionary account of the origin of multi-cellular life fits this definition, so that higher living
organisms are also products of self-organisation. Very few kinds of object can self-organise, and the question of what such
objects are like is a suitable mathematical problem. Extending the familiar notion of algorithmic complexity into the context
of dynamical systems, we obtain a notion of “dynamical complexity”. A simple theorem then shows that only objects of very
low dynamical complexity can self organise, so that living organisms must be of low dynamical complexity. On the other hand,
symmetry considerations suggest that living organisms are highly complex, relative to the dynamical laws, due to their large
size and high degree of irregularity. In particular, it is shown that since dynamical laws operate locally, and do not vary
across space and time, they cannot produce any specific large and irregular structure with high probability in a short time.
These arguments suggest that standard evolutionary theories of the origin of higher organisms are incomplete. 相似文献
16.
Ahmet Yukleyen 《Contemporary Islam》2010,4(3):269-288
This article examines the production of religious authority among the Süleymanlı, a branch of the Naqshibandiyya order, which
is the largest Sufi community active among Turkish-origin Muslims in Europe. Like other Islamic organizations, the Süleymanlı
claims to represent “true Islam,” which they construct during their central communal ritual, hatim, in which religious knowledge is produced and disseminated. The interaction of a religious corpus of assertions, media of
representation, and social organization during this ritual produces its “criteria of Islamic validity and priority” which
authorizes mystical Islam. European adaptations of the Islamic tradition require an analysis of how Islam is authorized rather
than simply what “European Islam” is or who speaks on behalf of it, individually or communally. 相似文献
17.
Thor Grunbaum 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(2):243-261
This article is about how to describe an agent’s awareness of her bodily movements when she is aware of executing an action
for a reason. Against current orthodoxy, I want to defend the claim that the agent’s experience of moving has an epistemic
place in the agent’s awareness of her own intentional action. In “The problem,” I describe why this should be thought to be
problematic. In “Motives for denying epistemic role,” I state some of the main motives for denying that bodily awareness has
any epistemic role to play in the content of the agent’s awareness of her own action. In “Kinaesthetic awareness and control,”
I sketch how I think the experience of moving and the bodily sense of agency or control are best described. On this background,
I move on to present, in “Arguments for epistemic role,” three arguments in favour of the claim that normally the experience
of moving is epistemically important to one’s awareness of acting intentionally. In the final “Concluding remarks,” I round
off by raising some of the worries that motivated the denial of my claim in the first place.
相似文献
Thor GrunbaumEmail: |
18.
Jonathan Neufeld 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2012,31(1):61-76
Emerging research shows that undergraduate students are searching for a deeper meaning in their lives from their university
studies. Leading students forth into this kind of meaningful action is the primary responsibility of the Philosopher of Education.
This paper describes how such meaningful action can be accomplished by integrating the pedagogical ontology of Martin Heidegger
into a course in the history and philosophy of Education. The course challenges students to engage in the cooperative project
of what John Sallis calls “world building” by posing strategic questions, designing appropriate content, and demonstrating
artful signs. Heidegger expects his students to rethink what it means for them to be a human being. When this identity is
transformed, a new calling to think and an invocation to teach that calling can flow from that instruction. This paper describes
this kind of instruction in practice by specifically characterizing what a “professor of learning to think” would be. 相似文献
19.
Victoria S. Harrison 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2006,59(3):133-152
Few seem to have difficulty in distinguishing between religious and secular institutions, yet there is widespread disagreement
regarding what “religion” actually means. Indeed, some go so far as to question whether there is anything at all distinctive
about religions. Hence, formulating a definition of “religion” that can command wide assent has proven to be an extremely
difficult task. In this article, I consider the most prominent of the many rival definitions that have been proposed, the
majority falling within three basic types: intellectual, affective and functional definitions. I conclude that there are pragmatic
reasons for favouring the formerly popular view that essentialist definitions of “religions” are inadequate, and that religions
should be construed, instead, as possessing a number of “family resemblances.” In so arguing, I provide a response to the
view that there is nothing distinctive about religions, as well as to the recent claim that religions do not exist. 相似文献
20.
Andrew Hall Norman Clark Rasheed Sulaiman M. V. K. Sivamohan B. Yoganand 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2000,13(1):70-91
This article argues that the goals of agricultural research in poor countries have changed substantially over the last four
decades. In particular they have broadened from the early (and narrow) emphasis on food production to a much wider agenda
that includes poverty alleviation, environmental degradation, and social inclusion. Conversely, agricultural research systems
have proved remarkably resistant to the concomitant need for changes in research focus. As a result many, at both the national
and international level, are under great strain. In terms of public policy the article goes on to suggest that shortcomings
of existing conceptual approaches to technology development could be supplemented by adopting analytical principles that view
innovation in systemic terms. An approach where flows of knowledge between institutional nodes is a key to innovative performance
(the “National Systems of Innovation” approach) is suggested as one such conceptual framework that might help supplement conventional
policy analysis.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a workshop “New Policy Agendas for Agricultural Research: Implications for
Institutional Arrangements” held on 28 March 2000 at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru, India. The workshop was supported by the UK Department of International Development (DFID) Crop Post-Harvest
Programme as an output of the project “Optimising Institutional Arrangements.” 相似文献