Lay Appropriation of the Sacraments in the later Middle Ages

Perhaps the most crucial single utterance of the Second Vatican Council, at least in terms of impact on our shared experience as Catholics, occurs at paragraph 14 of the Council's constitution on the liturgy, Sacrosanctum Concilium. This was the first of the conciliar documents to be promulgated, and in many ways its most bloodily contested production. The paragraph in question runs like this:     

中东中世纪伊斯兰城市行政体系

传统的东方学派学者认为中东中世纪伊斯兰城市没有城市行政管理机构,没有改进自己政府服务的责任,并由此否定城市的作用,认为城市没有任何积极贡献相伴随。而笔者认为省督、法官、市场监督员和公共道德监督员、社团谢赫和少数民族社团谢赫、行会谢赫等组成了中东伊斯兰城市独特的行政体系,该体系在城市不同的方面经营着城市,使统治阶级不用建立一个真正的管理网;同时,过于严密的行政管理网络也使城市失去了自由发展的机会,成为制约城市率先瓦解封建制度的一个重要因素。     

The Lost Millennium: Psychology During the Middle Ages

The Psychological Record - The medieval period—roughly the 1,000 years from the classical Greco-Roman age to the Renaissance and modern era—has long been neglected in the history of...     

Imagination and History Converge: The Danites in the Middle Ages

Jewish History - During the Middle Ages people identifying themselves as Danites, that is, members of the tribe of Dan, periodically appeared in the Jewish diaspora, mainly in the Mediterranean...     

中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰原因浅析

一、探讨中世纪阿拉伯世界科学兴衰的原因,是个很有意义的问题。这里说的中世纪,严格说来,应该说是8到12世纪,或者延伸到13、14世纪时的中世纪的阿拉伯世界,或者说,伊斯兰世界。就这时的科学家活动的地区来说,可以分为东方部分(主要包括今天的伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及、伊朗和中亚的部分地区)和西方部分(突尼斯、摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚和西班牙地区)。这些地区的科学家来自不同民族、不同宗教信仰,有基督教徒、