Identifying the Insecure Child: III. The Use of Children's Drawings

Abstract

(Terman, L. M., &; Oden, M. H. The Gifted Child Grows Up. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1947. Pp. 448.) Reviewed by Nathan Israeli

(Cameron, N. The Psychology of Behavior Disorders. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Pp. 622.) Reviewed By P. E. Lichtenstein     

Artistic Quality of Drawings and Judges' Evaluations of the DAP

Summary: When art quality varied for a set of figure drawings, judges were unable to differentiate hospitalized schizophrenic females from a matched nonpatient group. Both trained and naive judges erroneously tended to see drawings of low art quality as of patient origin, and drawings of high overall quality as of nonpatient origin. When art quality was held constant judges did slightly better than chance in differentiating the patient vs. nonpatient drawings. Psychologists were no more accurate than untrained judges. Results support the position that art quality of drawings influences judges' evaluations, and, in terms of the present investigation, represents a major source of error in drawing interpretation. Even when art quality was controlled, however, judges' rate of success was low, casting doubt on the status validity of the Draw-A-Person test (DAP).     

幼儿遮挡绘画的发展研究

关于幼儿绘画的“知”、“见”矛盾历来是儿童绘画认知发展研究中的热点,对于此现象的探讨,用得最多的是绘画遮挡关系的模型。该文主要介绍关于幼儿物体遮挡的绘画及幼儿绘画认知发展的研究,归纳出关于幼儿把遮挡关系绘画成“分离”的三种原因,同时对幼儿画中的“知”,“见”矛盾加以解释。     

Mentorship and the Female College President

Despite the increase in the number of women college presidents, the percentage of female college presidents is disproportionately low. Results of some studies imply that mentorship is one factor that facilitates women’s climb up the administrative ladder to the college presidency. This study was designed to examine mentoring relationships among female college presidents. A sample of 91 female presidents at selected independent colleges was surveyed about mentor and mentee relationships and demographics. Findings demonstrate that a majority of the respondents had primary mentors (56%) and also served as mentors (64.4%) to others. Mentorship and multiple mentoring relationships are invaluable in advancing women through the ranks of higher education administration and for increasing the number of female college presidents.     

Letters to the President

The Defense Mechanism Inventory and the Blacky Defense Preference Inventory were developed to measure the relative intensity of specific ego defense mechanisms and share similar theoretical underpinnings and psychometric properties. In this study, however, only two significant correlations were found among 25 comparisons between the respective defense mechanism scales of these two assessment devices, Several hypotheses are advanced to account for the incongruity between these two multiple choice personality tests.     

Drawings,Diagnoses, and the Clinician's Learning Curve

In order to understand better the experience of becoming a lone parent after marital breakdown a taxonomy of positive as well as negative appraisals and possible coping strategies was constructed. Experiential structures elicited through multidimensional scaling were used to form the basis of the Lone Parenthood Scales. The Scales, with demonstrated reliabilities and construct validity, were then administered to a sample of lone parents who were found to experience concern over their children's limited family life but relief at their separation and hope of becoming closer to their children. They saw themselves as coping with problems by direct, positive action. Further uses for the Scales were discussed.     

Differential emergence of representational systems: Drawings,letters, and numerals

This study investigated the process by which the representational activity and knowledge about drawing and letter and number writing emerge in children 21–46 months old. The results revealed that representational activities developed with age through several phases. Beginning at age 2, children produced different marks for different systems, but children under two produced common graphic marks. Representational systems were significantly correlated with developmental processes, but drawing developed faster than letters or numbers with respect to both their production and their classification. Three-year-old children were able to recognize each system correctly in a sample-matching task, but the recognition of each system was not correlated with representational activity. These findings indicate that only after children engaged in graphic production did they begin to make representational distinctions among systems by drawing on their domain-specific knowledge, although alternative explanations can be suggested.     

1984: A Love Letter

Dear Kris, I know you will read this letter if it ever manages to get to you. You like reading. I’m not sure what you’ll think of it though. I just know I had to make this attempt to talk to you about the summer of 1984. There are some things you and I come to know in the summer of 1984 that will take us 35 years to learn to talk about. They were not an easy 35 years. And I want to help change that.     

Drawings of Trees and the Expression of Feelings in Early Adolescence

The writing of young adolescents was examined for the difference in the quality and quantity of emotional statements contained in (a) a standard essay and (b) writing based on fantasy and artwork. The differences were dramatic. Their implications are discussed in relation to counselling and education.     

A study of Mind Image Drawings

This report dealt with a newly introduced method of drawing named, “Mind Image Drawings.” First, the subjects depicted images in their mind freely. Second, the subjects described their own pictures using three epithets. Third, the subjects added “I am” to these words, and read them aloud. Through these techniques, the subjects not only projected the unconscious side of their mind in the drawings, but also could obtain insight into their mind on the cognitive level. Last, the subjects judged their drawings using 17 semantic differential scales. The “originality factor,” the “evaluation factor,” and several types of “expressiveness factors” were extracted in the factor analyses of the scales.     

Picturing ourselves in the world: Drawings,interpretative phenomenological analysis and the relational mapping interview

ABSTRACT

Some aspects of experience can be challenging for research participants to verbalise. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) researchers need to get experience-near to meet their phenomenological commitments, capturing the “texture” and quality of existence, and placing participants in relation to events, objects, others, and the world. Incorporating drawing into IPA designs provides a vehicle through which participants can better explore and communicate their lifeworlds. IPA researchers also require rich accounts to fulfil their interpretative commitments. Drawing taps into multiple sensory registers simultaneously, providing polysemous data, which in turn lends itself to hermeneutic analysis. This article outlines a multimodal method, the relational mapping interview, which was developed to understand the relational context of various forms of distress and disruption. We illustrate how the approach results in richly nuanced visual and verbal accounts of relational experience. Drawing on an “expanded hermeneutic phenomenology,” we suggest how visual data can be analysed within an IPA framework to offer significant experiential insights.     

再论《周易》与中国画

本文对《周易》的直观意象思维和中正和谐思想与中国画的创作特点进行了深入的比较分析,表明了《周易》思维方式对中国画的深刻影响,同时,对《周易》的玩占与艺术家们的玩墨也作了比较研究,揭示了玩占与玩墨所体现的深刻文化意蕴。