Identifying the Insecure Child: III. The Use of Children's Drawings

Abstract

(Terman, L. M., &; Oden, M. H. The Gifted Child Grows Up. Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, 1947. Pp. 448.) Reviewed by Nathan Israeli

(Cameron, N. The Psychology of Behavior Disorders. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Pp. 622.) Reviewed By P. E. Lichtenstein     

Artistic Quality of Drawings and Judges' Evaluations of the DAP

Summary: When art quality varied for a set of figure drawings, judges were unable to differentiate hospitalized schizophrenic females from a matched nonpatient group. Both trained and naive judges erroneously tended to see drawings of low art quality as of patient origin, and drawings of high overall quality as of nonpatient origin. When art quality was held constant judges did slightly better than chance in differentiating the patient vs. nonpatient drawings. Psychologists were no more accurate than untrained judges. Results support the position that art quality of drawings influences judges' evaluations, and, in terms of the present investigation, represents a major source of error in drawing interpretation. Even when art quality was controlled, however, judges' rate of success was low, casting doubt on the status validity of the Draw-A-Person test (DAP).     

Drawings,Diagnoses, and the Clinician's Learning Curve

In order to understand better the experience of becoming a lone parent after marital breakdown a taxonomy of positive as well as negative appraisals and possible coping strategies was constructed. Experiential structures elicited through multidimensional scaling were used to form the basis of the Lone Parenthood Scales. The Scales, with demonstrated reliabilities and construct validity, were then administered to a sample of lone parents who were found to experience concern over their children's limited family life but relief at their separation and hope of becoming closer to their children. They saw themselves as coping with problems by direct, positive action. Further uses for the Scales were discussed.     

Mentorship and the Female College President

Despite the increase in the number of women college presidents, the percentage of female college presidents is disproportionately low. Results of some studies imply that mentorship is one factor that facilitates women’s climb up the administrative ladder to the college presidency. This study was designed to examine mentoring relationships among female college presidents. A sample of 91 female presidents at selected independent colleges was surveyed about mentor and mentee relationships and demographics. Findings demonstrate that a majority of the respondents had primary mentors (56%) and also served as mentors (64.4%) to others. Mentorship and multiple mentoring relationships are invaluable in advancing women through the ranks of higher education administration and for increasing the number of female college presidents.     

Differential emergence of representational systems: Drawings,letters, and numerals

This study investigated the process by which the representational activity and knowledge about drawing and letter and number writing emerge in children 21–46 months old. The results revealed that representational activities developed with age through several phases. Beginning at age 2, children produced different marks for different systems, but children under two produced common graphic marks. Representational systems were significantly correlated with developmental processes, but drawing developed faster than letters or numbers with respect to both their production and their classification. Three-year-old children were able to recognize each system correctly in a sample-matching task, but the recognition of each system was not correlated with representational activity. These findings indicate that only after children engaged in graphic production did they begin to make representational distinctions among systems by drawing on their domain-specific knowledge, although alternative explanations can be suggested.     

Letters to the President

The Defense Mechanism Inventory and the Blacky Defense Preference Inventory were developed to measure the relative intensity of specific ego defense mechanisms and share similar theoretical underpinnings and psychometric properties. In this study, however, only two significant correlations were found among 25 comparisons between the respective defense mechanism scales of these two assessment devices, Several hypotheses are advanced to account for the incongruity between these two multiple choice personality tests.     

A study of Mind Image Drawings

This report dealt with a newly introduced method of drawing named, “Mind Image Drawings.” First, the subjects depicted images in their mind freely. Second, the subjects described their own pictures using three epithets. Third, the subjects added “I am” to these words, and read them aloud. Through these techniques, the subjects not only projected the unconscious side of their mind in the drawings, but also could obtain insight into their mind on the cognitive level. Last, the subjects judged their drawings using 17 semantic differential scales. The “originality factor,” the “evaluation factor,” and several types of “expressiveness factors” were extracted in the factor analyses of the scales.     

Drawings of Trees and the Expression of Feelings in Early Adolescence

The writing of young adolescents was examined for the difference in the quality and quantity of emotional statements contained in (a) a standard essay and (b) writing based on fantasy and artwork. The differences were dramatic. Their implications are discussed in relation to counselling and education.     

再论《周易》与中国画

本文对《周易》的直观意象思维和中正和谐思想与中国画的创作特点进行了深入的比较分析,表明了《周易》思维方式对中国画的深刻影响,同时,对《周易》的玩占与艺术家们的玩墨也作了比较研究,揭示了玩占与玩墨所体现的深刻文化意蕴。     

The Use of Metaphor and Drawings in Case Conceptualization

The author describes a procedure whereby counselors, as part of their conceptualization for case conferences or supervision, develop metaphors and then make them concrete by constructing drawings or collages. The drawings or collages are used as the basis for case discussions.     

Family Drawings as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technique

This article concerns a family whose son was treated for two years by chemotherapy, the parents participating for part of that time in a parents' group, without any significant changes in behavior. Family therapy was initiated, with the inclusion of family art therapy, which immediately provided highly significant diagnostic data not otherwise observable. It also served as a dramatic catalytic agent for constructive change as evidenced by other family sessions.     

The Representation of the Body Self in Human Figure Drawings

The matching of 25 frontal drawings of the female human figure with 25 frontal photographs of the college women who drew the figures was attempted by 30 male graduate psychology students and 30 women religious graduate students of art. The drawings and photos were arranged in envelopes according to a balanced lattice design, and presented to each of the judges in different envelopes in an order determined by randomized latin squares. Both groups matched the drawings with the photographs of the same Ss at significantly higher than chance expectancy (p<.01). These findings suggest that this matching technique may be of some value in testing the hypothesis of objective body self projection in human figure drawings.     

《大成至圣文宣先师周流之图》初探

《大成至圣文宣先师周流之图》有图三十六幅,线纹木刻,版本属张楷《圣迹图》系统.制作者蔺友芳(字佩春或佩香,号仲山),康熙十八至二十一年为青浦县令,在任期间受青浦孔宅石刻《圣迹图》的启发,聘请陈尹为画师,绘制了此图.赞辞为蔺友芳新作,序事及图画编次当来自吴嘉谟《孔圣家语图》.     

Working through: 1914-1984

This paper reviews the various meanings given to "working through" by Freud and others. The relation of "working through" to "analysis" is discussed and illustrated.