癌症控制,防大于治--从《中国癌症预防与控制规划纲要(2004-2010)》谈起

世界卫生组织在20世纪80年代初,提出了癌症三级预防的概念,2004年中国卫生部门也制定了<中国癌症预防与控制规划纲要(2004-2010)>,提出把癌医学研究的重点从治疗转向预防.通过多种形式的癌症科普宣教,提高全民和全社会对癌症防治工作的认识,让科学防治观念真正为公众普便知晓,这是目前条件下减少癌症发病率,提高早诊率的重要措施.     

导言:个体化治疗之肿瘤分子靶向治疗

正2015年1月20日美国总统奥巴马在国情咨文中首次提出"精准医学计划"(precision medicine initiative),该计划主要内容是,希望所有人获得个体基因信息从而保护自己和家人的健康,提供及时、正确的治疗,希望能够消除小儿麻痹症,更接近治愈癌症和糖尿病等疾病,开创人类基因组医学的新时代。2015年3月习近平总书记批示科技部、国家卫生和计划生育委员会,组建并成立了中国精准医疗战略专家组。由此,精准医疗的概念迅速在我国深入人心,并成为医疗领域特别是各肿瘤学术会议讨论的热点话题。譬如,近2年来的各种乳腺癌学术会议上,从青年医生到国内著名专家或各种学会主任委员,在介绍乳腺癌医     

癌症控制，防大于治——从《中国癌症预防与控制规划纲要（2004—2010》谈起

世界卫生组织在20世纪80年代初,提出了癌症三级预防的概念,2004年中国卫生部门也制定了《中国癌症预防与控制规划纲要(2004-2010)》,提出把癌医学研究的重点从治疗转向预防。通过多种形式的癌症科普宣教,提高全民和全社会对癌症防治工作的认识,让科学防治观念真正为公众普便知晓,这是目前条件下减少癌症发病率,提高早诊率的重要措施。     

美国胃肠病学院结直肠癌筛查指南

本指南是对2000年美国胃肠病学院(ACG)结直肠癌(CRC)筛查建议的首次更新.CRC筛查包括癌症预防性检查和癌症检测性检查.从50岁起每10年检查一次结肠镜仍然是CRC筛查的首选策略.     

病毒"致"癌与"治"癌

癌症是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病,几乎有15%～20%的癌症是由病毒感粢导致.研究病毒与癌症之间的相互关系,除了阐明癌症的病因学之外,更有助于发现和分析癌症发生、发展的机制,从而为人类最终战胜癌症这一病魔奠定了基础.     

浅谈饮食与癌

不同国家不同地区在癌症发病率的差异很可能与不同国家、不同地区人民的饮食习惯有着密切的关系 ,某些食物中含有潜在致癌物 ,而某些食物的成份又有助于预防癌的发生。目前媒介也把主要注意力放在食物与癌的关系上。研究表明 ,因癌症死亡的人中有 35%是饮食方面的原因 ,但食物致癌的论点又常常引起争论。ｌ　吸烟与癌1.ｌ　吸烟造成的癌死亡率占全部癌症死亡率的30 % :吸烟是人类患癌的主要原因 ,吸烟与肺癌发病有直接关系 ,80 %的肺癌是吸烟所致[1] 。由于肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤 ,占全部癌病死亡率的 2 0 %以上[1] 。吸烟还与其它几种癌的…     

浅谈脂肪肝的诊治策略

脂肪肝已成为威胁国人健康仅次于病毒性肝炎的第二大肝病.通过对脂肪肝发病机制、发病原因、诊断方法和防治措施的深入研究,能够确定行之有效的诊治策略.针对病因和(或)诱因进行预防,走出在脂肪肝治疗上的误区,对遏制脂肪肝的日益严重的发病趋势和降低医疗费用有着十分重要的意义.     

脑卒中防治存在的问题和模式的转变

1　脑卒中现状和防治方面的问题1.1　脑卒中是日益严重的医学、社会和公共卫生问题急性脑血管破裂 (脑出血 )和阻塞 (脑梗塞或脑栓塞 )引起的疾病统称为脑卒中 ,是一类危害人类健康的常见病、多发病 ,其发病率、患病率、致残率、致死率均相当高 ,构成日益严重的医学、社会和公共卫生问题[1,2 ] 。在前苏联和欧洲国家发病率最高。在吉尔吉斯斯坦 ,35～ 75岁男性人口中每 10万人中有 314人因脑卒中死亡 ,75岁以上的男性每 10万人中有 2 5 0 3人死于脑卒中。在我国脑卒中是仅次于癌症的第二位致死疾病 ,1986- 1990年发病率为10 9.7～ 2 17/ 10…     

糖尿病的治疗现状与糖尿病教育

糖尿病的发病率逐年升高,发展中国家尤为显著,我国作为世界上主要的发展中国家,如何作好糖尿病的预防、治疗和管理工作,已经成为一个重要社会问题.通过对糖尿病的现状及不同治疗模式对糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响等方面加以阐述,以期引起社会关注,加强糖尿病教育,降低糖尿病的发病率,改善糖尿病患者的治疗效果.     

对AHA“心血管病初级预防及一级预防的价值”的思考

本文解读并分析了美国心脏病协会发布的“心血管病初级预防及一级预防的价值”的科学声明,概述了心血管病预防应从人生初期开始,并贯穿终生的原理及循证证据,并进一步从社会改变、行为改变、干预治疗三个方面,评价了多水平干预的心血管病预防的成本效益,以期引起国民对心血管病预防的重视.     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.