关于词对音位知觉的影响的性质

本文报告的实验以反应时作指标研究词对音位知觉的影响的性质,检验Ganong提出的两种模型——相互作用模型和范畴模型。实验结果表明,词的作用随反应时的增加而减小。结果倾向于支持相互作用模型。     

COLOR PERCEPTION REQUIREMENTS OF 4,000 JOBS

Tabulation of the color discrimination requisites of a representative sample of 4,000 jobs revealed that the great majority of jobs require little or no color perception aptitude. The 2 percent of jobs requiring above-average color discrimination were listed by Dictionary of Occupational Titles classifications for the use of counselors in the guidance of clients with defective color vision.     

发音人和语境变异与声调知觉

本文用Garner快速分类法研究了发音人规范化和语境补偿过程与声调知觉的关系。得到的主要结果是:(1)发音人变化对声调识别产生了显著的Gar-ner干扰;声调变化对男女声判别产生了同样的十扰。(2)语境变化对声调识别也产生了显著的Garner干扰。按照Garner方法的假设,这说明发音人规范化和语境变异补偿与声调识别之问是相互联系和相互影响的。(3)虽然发音人和语境同时变化引起的声调识别反应时延长约等于它们单独变化时反应时延长量之和,但正确率下降远大于单独变化时下降量之和。说明发音人和语境变异对声调识别的干扰不是独立的,它们之间存在相互作用。这种作用增加了声调识别的难度。     

英语多音节词成词状态对音位知觉的影响

在连续语言中音位知觉受着高级加工过程的影响。本文用音位边界移动作指标研究词和音节对音位知觉的作用,以及这种作用怎样随听者的期望和刺激重复而变化。结果表明了多音节词成词状态对音位知觉的限定作用,词的作用随刺激重复而减小,听者的期望对这种作用没有显著影响。     

THE EFFECTS OF GROUP PRESSURE IN PERCEPTION

Une réplique interculturelle des études de Asch (1952) et de Whittaker et Meade (1967) sur l'influence de la pression sociale sur la distorsion du jugement a été effectuée avec un groupe de sujets des îles Fiji provenant de deux races dominantes. Les résultats dénotent une tendance au conformisme plus marquée chez les sujets de cette culture et particulièrement chez les femmes.     

规则分类中刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应

用Allan和Brooks的实验范式,采用2（学习轮次：5轮、10轮）×2（项目类型：旧项目、新项目）×2（项目匹配性质：正向匹配、反向匹配）混合实验设计,研究规则分类中非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,在学习5轮的条件下,获得了错误率上的样例效应,在学习5轮和10轮的条件下都没有获得反应时上的样例效应。实验得出样例效应的产生和突显的非规则特征有关的结论。     

ON PERCEPTION OF DEPICTED ORIENTATION

La perception de l'orientation picturale. — Les deux expériences décrites ici indiquent qu'en matière de perception picturale, les individus de certaines cultures, outre celles qui sont relatives à la perception de la profondeur, rencontrent des difficultés pour percevoir correctement l'orientation. La grandeur des erreurs relativement à l'interprétation de l'orientation dans les dessins semble dépendre de l'angle sous lequel l'ensemble des stimulus est représenté, la position des sujets relativement à l'appareil et la signification implicite de l'ensemble représenté.     

THE EFFECTS OF HAIR COLOR AND COSMETIC USE ON PERCEPTIONS OF A FEMALE'S ABILITY

This experiment examined whether a female applicant's hair color and use of cosmetics might affect perceptions of her ability for a professional position. One hundred thirty six college students reviewed the identical professional resume of a female applicant for the position of a staff accountant. Attached to the resume was a photograph of the stimulus female applicant either wearing or not wearing cosmetics and depicted with brunette, red, or blonde hair color. The results demonstrated significant main effects of both hair color and cosmetic use. Specifically, the applicant was rated more capable and was assigned a higher salary both when depicted with brunette hair color and when depicted without cosmetics. There were no interactions between hair color and cosmetic use. The findings demonstrate that biases regarding personal appearance may affect judgments about a female applicant's ability.     

THE EFFECTS OF DIALECTICAL SIMILARITY,STEREOTYPING, AND MESSAGE AGREEMENT ON INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION

This project was undertaken to investigate the interrelationships among three variables—dialectical similarity, stereotyping, and message agreement—and their effect on the speaker evaluation variables of source competence, character appeal, interpersonal attraction and message coherence. The main experiment consisted of four stimulus conditions; two levels of dialect (Southern and Midwestern); and two messages (one relevant and one irrelevant to the Southern stereotype). The results of the study indicated that (1) the relationship between dialectical similarity and stereotyping was contingent on message context; (2) an interaction occurred between the message relevant to the stereotype and the dialect associated with the stereotype producing disproportionately low means; and (3) stereotyping appeared to be more strongly associated with the dependent variables than message agreement, but dialectical similarity was less strongly associated than message agreement.     

环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度对荧光屏(CRT)显示颜色编码的影响

本研究对不同环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度条件下荧光屏(CRT)16种显示色的绝对辨色效果进行了比较。结果表明,随照明强度增加,辨色效果下降,2800K色温照明下的辨色效果优于1800K、5800K色温照明,高亮度色标有利于提高辨色效果。根据实验结果可得到不同照明条件下的CRT显示颜色编码系统,且提高CRT显示色亮度可扩大颜色编码范围。     

心理词典中范畴化现象研究综述

范畴化是心理词典研究中一个非常有趣的现象。该文综述了这一现象的主要理论模型和相关的认知神经科学研究。文章对该研究领域的各种争论及各种理论模型的优缺点进行了讨论,并简要分析了范畴化现象的神经解剖学（脑结构基础及其功能）和神经生理学（事件相关电位的各种成分及其时间进程）的研究进展。     

ON THE IMMEDIACY OF PHONETIC PERCEPTION

Abstract— If, as we believe, language is a specialization alt the way down to its roots, then perception of its consonantal elements should be immediately phonetic, not as in the conventional view, a secondary translation from percepts of an auditory sort. Supporting observations come from an experiment in which formant transitions that distinguish [da] and [gal were presented as sinusoids and combined with a synthetic syllable made of resonances, thus causing the auditory system to treat these acoustically incoherent parts as different sources Evidence for the source difference was varied by changing the intensity of the sinusoids relative to the remainder of the syllable. Over the greater part of a 60-dB range, listeners accurately identified the consonants, indicating that they had integrated the stimuli according to a coherence that existed only in the phonetic domain. At the lowest intensities, indeed, the consonants were accurately identified, even though the whistles—the normal responses to the sinusoids—were not. There followed then a range over which perception was duplex. Both consonants and whistles were accurately identified At the highest intensities, phonetic integration failed, but accurate perception of the whistles was maintained. That the phonetic percept was present when as auditory counterpart was absent, and vice versa, is evidence that the phonetic percept is independent of its auditory counterpart and not a translation from it, as is the fact that the two percepts followed very different courses in response to the experimental variable.     

汉字形码和音码的整体性对部件识别的影响

本实验从分析汉字整体知觉的具体表现形式入手,通过三个实验探讨字的整体知觉对部件知觉的影响。实验一以分解方式为变量,考查字形整体知觉对部件识别的影响,发现识别不同结构的字的部件之活动受知觉分解路线(如顺读或逆读)的影响。作者认为这种分解方式效应很可能跟部位有关。实验二证实了这一分析,并进而认为部位效应又跟部位与字形整体知觉的紧密程度有关。实验三以语音码为变量,发现成字部件的字音与整体字语音一致者(形声字),其分解知觉成绩比不一致者(非形声字)有明显的优势。这意味着,整体字音知觉的单一性对部件知觉的作用。最后,本研究还考查了部件识别法的有效性,并认为在研究知觉的整体与部分关系问题时,该法不失为一种新的实验范型。     

SOCIAL STIMULUS PERCEPTION AND SELF-EVALUATION: EFFECTS OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASE

Women in different phases of the menstrual cycle were compared to each other and to men in their responses to a social interaction stimulus: a videotape depicting a female nurse interacting with a hospitalized patient. Sex differences and cycle-phase differences were found for both affective and cognitive dimensions. Premenstrual women reported feeling more dominant, energetic, indifferent, negative, and somewhat more tense than women menstruating or women in the intermenstrual cycle phase. However, they did not differ from men in their affective ratings. Premenstrual women evaluated the nurse as less attractive than did men and they attributed greater responsibility for the nurse's behavior to the patient than men and intermenstrual women. Women in all groups evaluated the nurse as nicer and more pleasant, interesting, concerned and self-assured than did men. All women also felt more friendly toward the nurse and reported that they would be more comfortable asking her questions than the men did. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

EFFECTS OF SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY OF SPEAKERS AND LISTENERS ON PERSON PERCEPTION AND BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION: A STUDY OF CHINESE BILINGUALS

Do people at different levels of second language proficiency perceive and interact with other speakers differently? Conceptual analyses suggested three possibilities. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the hypotheses derived from the conceptual analyses. Forty Chinese undergraduates (half of whom were high and half of whom were low in English language proficiency) listened to English speeches by either high or low proficiency speakers, and rated the speakers on ten personality traits and ten behavioural intention items. High and low proficiency listeners did not differ in their impressions of the speakers or the behavioural intention towards them. However, speaker proficiency strongly affected the listeners' person perception and behavioural intention. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression supported the hypothesis that speaker proficiency influenced person perception, which in turn influenced behavioural intention.     

短时距知觉中的面积效应

初步探讨了短时距（１─５ｓ）下时距刺激的面积大小和立体框架大小对时距知觉的影响及其成因。结果表明：刺激的面积大小对短时距知觉的影响极其显著;存在两种不同反应类型的被试─－大小依存者与非大小依存者,在不同反应类型的被试中刺激的立体框架大小对短时距知觉的影响不同,刺激的立体框架大小对大小依存者的短时距知觉的影响极其显著,但对非大小依存者的影响不显著。     

LOCKE ON IDEAS OF SUBSTANCE AND THE VEIL OF PERCEPTION

Abstract: John Yolton has argued that Locke held a direct realist position according to which sensory ideas are not perceived intermediaries, as on the representational realist position, but acts that take material substances as objects. This paper argues that were Locke to accept the position Yolton attributes to him he could not at once account for appearance‐reality discrepancies and maintain one of his most important anti‐nativist arguments. The paper goes on to offer an interpretation of Locke's distinction between ideas of substances and modes, a distinction that helps Locke to explain appearance‐reality discrepancies, although not in a large enough range of cases to strengthen Yolton's interpretation.     

变形汉字的结构方式和笔画数效应

曾捷英等提出并采用了汉字通透性概念解释汉字识别中的字形属性效应,例如笔画数效应、笔画类型效应和结构方式效应。在有关研究中采用的主要实验方法是在速示、重复速示、非速示、时间或空间微观发生等条件下要求被试命名汉字。该研究将采用新的实验方法,即在呈现变形汉字1200ms后要求被试报告识别内容。结构方式和笔画数两种字形属性为研究对象。实验结果表明存在着常规的结构方式效应和笔画数效应,尤为重要的是观察到了逆转的结构方式效应。客观计算出的汉字通透性可以合理地解释这些效应。该研究和先前研究部分证明了关于汉字字形知觉的一个重要假设：汉字通透性是形成各种字形属性效应的基本或主导原因。字形属性对汉字识别的影响可以归结为通透性的影响,这称之为通透性中介假设。