中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究

报导了中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究中彩色类特性实验结果。研究中对颜色所具有的明度、色调、彩度三个属性分别开展了实验研究。研究结果表明了颜色中的色调、明度和彩度的特性变化不影响人眼对表面色色差的识别。中国人眼对彩色系表色色差辨别时,色差识别的量值△Ｅ值仅随感觉等级的不同而产生变化。将彩色类和非彩色类的实验结果进行比较时,发现了彩色类各感觉等级的△Ｅ值均大于非彩色类的△Ｅ值。根据二个类别的实验结果,研究者提出：中国颜色体系中非彩色系样品和彩色系样品色度坐标值的色差宽容度分别为：非彩色系△Ｅ＜１．５;彩色系△Ｅ＜３．０的建议。根据该项技术指标制作的《中国颜色体系样册》中的１３２２个颜色样品,经中国计量科学研究院在国家标准计量装置上测试,将其结果和国际上已有的颜色体系样册中样品的色差比较时,还是让人感到满意的。该项技术指标已作为《中国颜色体系》国家标准中颜色样品色差宽容度的技术参数。     

先天性红-绿色觉异常者的非彩色表色色差辨别研究

该文就先天性红－绿色觉异常者对非彩色系表色色差的辨别展开了研究。结果表明,先天性红－绿色觉异常者色差识别的量值△Ｅ随目视评价的等级不同而异;先天性红－绿色觉异常者与色党正常者在非彩色表色辨别上存在一定的差异;同一明度等级上、下限的变化对先天性红－绿色觉异常者的非彩色表色辨别存在影响,这种影响与明度的级别有关。     

基于计算机仿真的颜色认知实验方法研究

近年来计算机仿真的实验研究方法逐渐成为颜色认知研究的主流方法,该方法克服了传统方法的诸多缺陷。本研究在现有技术的基础上构建了颜色研究仿真系统,并改进了CIE规定的有关CRT显示器颜色标定的方法。笔者通过颜色匹配实验考察了人对CRT显示器上仿真照明体颜色外观的辨别精度,结果表明上述颜色仿真系统在颜色认知实验中具有良好的适用性,并发现被试在计算机模拟颜色刺激的条件下,可进行精确的颜色匹配;不同照明条件下的色差有所不同。这些结果也为建立颜色认知模型提供了人的基准匹配数据。     

中国国旗颜色标准的优选色度及宽容度

本文报告了我国国旗颜色标准的优选色度及宽容度的实验结果。实验是采用棉布、涤纶、丝绸不同的面料分别制成的具有不同色度值的实验样品共计45面作为实验样品。采用目视主观评价方法,按五级质量量表对实验样品的红色旗面及黄色五角星进行优选色度的评价实验,得出了三种不同面料的国旗优选色度值及宽容度数值。实验结果为制定我国国旗色度国家标准提供基本数值。     

中国颜色体系研究

概述了用颜色立体模型表示物体颜色,并做定量表示的颜色体系研究的理论意义及应用价值。介绍了国际上影响较大的颜色体系理论和编制原则的特点。中国颜色体系研究是在对国际上其它颜色体系的理论分析和对颜色样品测试的基础上,确立其理论依据和编制原则,开展了中国人眼对明度、色调、彩度等间距排列的视觉评价实验,建立了中国颜色体系理论模型。同时研制出《中国颜色体系样册》。该项研究于１９９３年７月通过了国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院联合召开的成果鉴定会,并得到良好的评价,又于１９９４年６月通过国家标准审查。该项研究的完成和推广,不仅能为我国国民经济各部门的颜色控制、标定和交流提供科学的颜色定量手段,同时也是对实用色度学的发展和颜色标准化工作做了有益的工作,产生了积极的经济效益和社会效益。     

汉语常用颜色词的概念结构

采用自然分类和多维标度的方法,研究了汉语常用颜色词的概念结构。结果表明,汉语常用颜色词的语义空间具有按原型分布的特点。常用颜色词的概念结构有3个维度:1.彩色/非彩色;2.暖色/冷色;3.颜色的互补和对比。整个研究表明,颜色认知既受光波的物理属性和人眼的生物特性影响,又受语言和社会文化影响。     

任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响

在 3个实验中探讨了任务需求对基于位置的返回抑制和基于颜色的重复劣势效应的影响。实验 1选取2 3名本科生被试 ,在把所有刺激都呈现在中央视觉上的颜色辨别任务中 ,发现颜色重复条件下的反应时明显长于非重复条件下的反应时 ,出现了显著的基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且它的量显著大于简单检测任务中基于颜色的重复劣势效应量。实验 2和 3在实验 1的基础上加入空间不确定性 ,分别选取 2 2名和 2 3名本科生被试 ,并要求他们分别完成颜色辨别任务和简单检测任务。结果发现 ,在颜色辨别任务中 ,既获得了基于空间的返回抑制 ,又获得了基于颜色的重复劣势效应 ,而且二者之间没有交互作用 ,即它们各自独立地发挥作用 ;而在简单检测任务中 ,只获得了基于空间的返回抑制。 3个实验的结果表明 ,在一种实验情境下出现基于何种刺激特性的重复劣势效应 ,以及其量的大小完全取决于实验中的任务需求。在文章最后还将本研究结果与一种选择性注意领域内普遍抑制模型相结合 ,进行了深入讨论     

彩色背景下的颜色突显研究

颜色突显是指在与视觉搜索任务有关的视觉显示中,采用颜色突出显示多个项目中的目标项目,从而提高视觉搜索效率的一种方法或技术。本文采用视觉搜索任务,以正确率和反应时为指标对单彩色和复杂彩色背景下不同颜色突显的视觉搜索绩效进行了研究。结果表明：（1）在单彩色背景和复杂彩色背景下,颜色突显条件视觉搜索绩效显著优于非突显条件;（2）在浅蓝或浅绿的单彩色背景下,四种颜色突显绩效中,红色突显绩效最好,紫色最差,而在随机彩色背景和复杂彩色背景下,颜色突显绩效差异并不显著;（3）在彩色背景下的颜色突显绩效会受到干扰数字的颜色的影响,其中在单色和随机彩色背景下,干扰目标颜色为黑色时的视觉搜索绩效优于干扰目标颜色为白色时的情景,而在自然彩色背景下,这种视觉搜索优势并不存在。     

知觉加工中存在颜色类别知觉效应的证据

对于颜色的辨别具有类别知觉效应：类间两种颜色的辨别能力比同等颜色空间距离的类内两种颜色的辨别能力更高。对于类别知觉效应的产生机制存在两种观点：知觉特性假设、语言标签假设。以往的研究范式由于实验任务涉及到工作记忆成分,被试在完成任务时会自动地对颜色命名以利于记忆,因此所得证据大多支持语言标签假设,而对知觉特性假设的支持证据则很少。本文利用目标觉察范式最大限度去掉了工作记忆成分,通过测量被试辨别两种颜色的反应时,得到了类别知觉效应。并通过语言干扰任务进一步证实在该实验范式下类别知觉效应与语言的无关性。从而,为知觉特性假设提供了证据     

同时颜色对比机制的空间特性

为研究同时颜色对比机制的空间特性,本实验用光学投影方法产生出不同空间频率的同时颜色对比光栅。实验结果表明,同时颜色对比机制具有低通空间频率反应特性,即随空间频率下降,颜色对比效应增强。这一结果可能为同时颜色对比机制参与图形探测的推论提供一个实验支持。实验中也测试了几种不同条件下人眼对比敏感度函数。     

COLOR SPACE OF NORMALLY SIGHTED AND COLOR-DEFICIENT OBSERVERS RECONSTRUCTED FROM COLOR NAMING

Abstract— An experimental procedure based an the color-naming method introduced by Boynton, Schafer, and Neun (1964) was used to study the color appearance of equilumtnant spectral stimuli in observers with congenital red-green color deficiencies, as well as in normal trichromats. Subjects' responses (choice of one or more labels from the set red, yellow, green, blue, and white) were converted to numeric scores, which were used to estimate subjective difference between pairs of colors Individual subjects' matrices were processed by means of multidimensional scaling. As in the direct rating of color dissimilarities in normal trichromats. (Sokolov & Izmatlov, 1983), and color-deficient observers (Paramei Izmailov, & Sokolov, 1991), these indirectly obtained measures yielded a color space in which three dimensions appear to be necessary and sufficient. The dimensions are interpreted as evidence for red-green, Mae-yellow, and achromatic (saturation) sub-systems. Based on the color-naming technique, three-dimensional spaces were reconstructed for the color-deficient observers. These results were compared with those obtained by Helm (1964). It is argued that retaining more than one (blue-yellow) dimension in the color spaces of such observers provider additional information indicating preservation of residual red-green discrimination accompanied by finer discrimination of chroma than in normal trichromats. The spherical model of color discrimination developed for normal trichromats (lzmailov & Sokolov, 1991) is shown to be valid for color-deficient subjects as well and may be useful as a framework for differentiating proton and deutan types of color deficiency. Color-naming functions, which seem not to reveal a differentiation between protans and deutans, provide results form which this differentiation can be extracted in reconstructed color spaces.     

Interocular suppression differentially affects achromatic and chromatic mechanisms

Results from a series of psychophysical experiments show that interocular suppression produced by continuous flash suppression (CFS) differentially affects visual features of a target viewed by the other eye. When CFS stimuli are defined by luminance contrast, target color can be reliably identified but percent-correct discrimination of target orientation is near chance. When the colored target is moving, color identification deteriorates with motion speed but direction of motion discrimination improves with target speed. Color’s immunity to suppression is also weakened when interocular suppression is induced by equiluminant CFS stimuli that presumably stimulate the chromatic pathway. These results are discussed in terms of functional segregation of achromatic and chromatic processing in the visual system.     

中国人面部自然肤色色域范围及典型肤色色样的研制

分别采用一自Ａｕ－ＣＨ－１型自动测色仪及一台３０２Ｄ型自动测色仪对中国人的面部自然肤色,从新生婴儿直至老年人的色度特性进行了广泛取样的测定。测定人数共１６６８人,其中新生婴儿至２岁幼儿５０８人：３－１７岁的儿童及青少年５４８人;１８－７８岁的成年人及老年人６１２人。被测者的籍贯包括２６个省市,除汉族外,还包括蒙、臧、维,壮等１７个少数民族。少数民族的被测人数约占总被测人数的６％。首次确定了我国人的面部自然肤色的色域范围及皮肤反射率的分布范围。在此基础上研制成功具有我国人典型自然肤色色样一套。所得结果已被应用于电视、电影、摄影及照明等部门。     

COLOR PERCEPTION REQUIREMENTS OF 4,000 JOBS

Tabulation of the color discrimination requisites of a representative sample of 4,000 jobs revealed that the great majority of jobs require little or no color perception aptitude. The 2 percent of jobs requiring above-average color discrimination were listed by Dictionary of Occupational Titles classifications for the use of counselors in the guidance of clients with defective color vision.     

Discrimination is more closely associated with perceived similarity than with distance and color

Diverse factors affect perceived similarity and discrimination, with high perceived similarity associated with poor discrimination. To investigate this hypothesis, college students made speeded same-different discriminations between 2 achromatic colors when they were contiguous and separated, did the same with 2 chromatic colors, and rated similarity. Compared with chromatic color, the separation for achromatic color impaired the performance on different stimuli more than on same stimuli with response bias controlled, which implied an increase in the perceived similarity of the discriminated stimuli, hurt overall performance, and elevated rated similarity. Thus, discrimination was more closely associated with 2 measures of perceived similarity than with distance and color, in support of the hypothesis.     

Great apes’ performance in discriminating weight and achromatic color

Much work has been done on visual discrimination in primates over the past decade. In contrast, very little is known about the relevance of non-visual information in discrimination learning. We investigated weight and achromatic color (color, henceforth) discrimination in bonobos, gorillas and orangutans, using the exchange paradigm in which subjects have to give objects to the experimenter in order to receive a reward. Unlike previous studies, subjects were not trained to lift objects because lifting the objects was an integral part of the exchange procedure. This methodology also allowed us a direct comparison between visual and weight discrimination. We presented 12 subjects (5 bonobos, 2 gorillas and 5 orangutans) with two sets of objects corresponding to two conditions. The objects in the color condition (white/black) differed only in color and those in the weight condition (light/heavy) differed only in weight. Five apes learned to discriminate weight and six to discriminate color. Subjects learned color discrimination faster than weight discrimination. Our results suggest that bonobos and orangutans are sensitive to differences in weight and able to learn discriminating objects that differ in this property.     

对人眼色觉异常的定量测量研究

依据Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ颜色匹配方法研制人眼颜色视觉定量测量实验装置,并对２０名色觉正常和３０名色觉异常大学生的颜色视觉进行测量。结果表明,色觉异常被试在Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ匹配中点和匹配范围测量值上均与色觉正常被试者存在明显的差异。     

RODS AS COLOR RECEPTORS

The observance of color within the photochromatic interval has been shown to be possible. By pre-stimulating the subjects in a dark-adapted state, using Kodak Wratten Color Filters No. 70 (red), No. 73 (yellow) or No. 74 (green), and test-stimulating 30 sec. later with yellow, green, or blue filters at levels of intensity between the specific and absolute thresholds for these filters, it was found that they observed a blue or violet color.