规则空间模型在描述统计学习模式识别中的应用研究

规则空间模型是一种将认知心理学和心理计量学相结合的认知诊断模型,它可用于判别被试的属性掌握模式和识别被试解题的认知错误。本文应用规则空间模型判别学生的属性掌握模式(即知识结构)。根据299名被试在测验项目上的作答反应将他们划归为30种不同的属性掌握模式。     

规则空间模型在瑞文智力测验中的认知诊断分析

规则空间模型是一种基于统计模式识别和分类的认知诊断方法,此方法可以根据被试的作答反应,分析诊断被试的认知属性掌握情况。以往智力测验只是报告测验分数,对被试能力解释较为简单,缺乏必要的认知诊断分析。本文根据瑞文标准推理测验的难度层级特点,分析其所包含属性及其连接关系,并运用规则空间模型将所有被试划分在48种典型反应模式中,而且大部分被试都会集在几个典型反应模式中。本文对这些典型反应模式进一步分析被试的认知状态,并为教育辅导与人员选拔安排提供建议。     

基于Q矩阵和广义距离的认知诊断方法

规则空间方法(RSM)和属性层级方法(AHM)是两种重要的认知诊断方法, 近年来受到了广泛关注。本文在属性层级方法和丁树良等人(2009, 2010)改进的Q矩阵理论的基础上, 通过定义观察反应模式与理想反应模式之间的广义距离, 给出了一种识别被试知识状态的认知诊断方法, 即广义距离判别法。通过DINA模型生成被试的作答反应矩阵进行模拟研究, 以模式判准率和属性判准率作为衡量被试知识状态分类准确率指标, 将广义距离判别法、RSM和AHM的分类A方法分别与DINA模型进行比较。结果表明, 本文提出的广义距离判别法具有更好的分类效果。     

Tatsuoka 矩阵理论的修正

K .K.Tatsuoka和她同事开发的规则空间模型（RSM）是一种在国内外有较大影响的认知诊断模型,但是Tatsuoka的RSM中 矩阵理论存在缺陷和错误,这些失误使得RSM中用布尔描述函数（BDF）计算被试理想项目反应模式（IRP）的方法缺乏理论依据。这里揭示了Tatsuoka的 矩阵理论的缺陷和错误并引进既不使用BDF又便于应用的计算IRP的方法;接着还介绍一种由可达阵计算简化 阵的方法,该方法显示了可达阵在构造认知诊断测验的重要性。这些结果对丰富 矩阵理论及正确使用RSM进行认知诊断有一定的意义     

Tatsuoka Q矩阵理论的修正

K.K.Tatsuoka和她同事开发的规则空间模型(RSM)是一种在国内外有较大影响的认知诊断模型,但是Tatsuoka的RSM中Q矩阵理论存在缺陷和错误,这些失误使得RSM中用布尔描述函数(BDF)计算被试理想项目反应模式(IRP)的方法缺乏理论依据.这里揭示了Tatsuoka的Q矩阵理论的缺陷和错误并引进既不使用BDF又便于应用的计算IRP的方法;接着还介绍一种由可达阵计算简化Q阵的方法,该方法显示了可达阵在构造认知诊断测验的重要性.这些结果对丰富Q矩阵理论及正确使用RSM进行认知诊断有一定的意义.     

中学生图形推理认知特征诊断

在前人的研究基础上进行口语报告分析,形成图形推理的认知成分模型。引进多策略多成分潜在特质模型（MLTM for MS）将图形推理的认知成分模型与心理测量模型加以整合,对235名中学生图形推理认知特征进行诊断。结果发现：（1）图形推理总能力相同的被试,各成分对应能力即视知觉识别能力、规则构建能力、规则应用能力不一定相同。（2）被试使用知觉分析策略和分析策略的正确作答概率较高,而使用猜测策略的正确作答概率较低。     

现代测量理论下四大认知诊断模型述评

该文介绍并比较了现代测量理论下四大认知诊断模型的思想方法、模型结构及各自的特点性能等。LLTM是一个较早的认知诊断模型,它实现了认知与测量的结合;规则空间模型实现了对认知结构的诊断,并创造性地提出了Q矩阵理论;统一模型与融合模型是同一类模型：两者均沿用了规则空间模型的Q矩阵方法,但克服了规则空间模型中的一些不足;融合模型被认为是二十一世纪初创立的一个很成功的认知诊断模型。     

空间-数字反应编码联合效应下冲突适应过程的ERP研究

为了考察被试在不能意识到任务中包含冲突的情况下的认知控制过程,将产生SNARC效应的奇偶判断任务看作是一种潜在的冲突任务。大小与反应手一致的视为一致的试次,大小与反应手不一致的视为不一致的试次。根据不一致试次之前一个试次的类型将其划分为iI(不一致—不一致,incongruent-incongruent)试次和cI(一致—不一致,congruent-incongruent)试次两种类型。对冲突适应过程的分析表明iI试次的反应时显著快于cI试次,iI试次和cI试次相比,两者的脑电在大约260~300ms的时间段内在FCz位置上差异最大。偶极子分析表明差异波的产生源定位于背侧前扣带回(dorsal anterior cingulate cortex),这些结果与前扣带回的意识监测理论并不一致。最后结合冲突监测理论和其他解释前扣带回功能的理论对研究结果做了相应的解释,认为冲突适应可以是一个无意识的过程     

场依存性认知方式对问题表征及表征转换的影响

从238名初一学生被试中筛选出场依存组和场独立组各64名,对两组被试在线索提示前后解决表述明确问题、隐含信息问题、含误导信息问题进行比较.结果显示:隐含和误导信息会导致被试问题表征错误增加,线索提示可从总体上改善被试的信息提取与识别,但其对问题表征及表征转换的促进效应均受到被试场依存性认知方式的影响.场独立性者不善于接受提示,场依存性者能在线索提示下更有效地识别与纠正问题表征错误.在有误导信息时,场依存性者对表征错误的识别与纠正存在困难.     

解代数应用题的认知模式

本研究通过收集、分析被试解题时出声想的口语材料,探讨了初中学生解代数应用题中认知模式的作用和特点。在解代数应用题中,认知模式主要表现为识别应用题的类型。结果表明,被试能否识别类型在很大程度上决定着他能否迅速、准确地解答课题。要正确识别应用题类型,需要从课题的具体语义情境中分出确定的、一般的关系或结构。这种能力可以通过训练加以提高。训练所使用的材料应该具有多种变式。     

The balance-scale dilemma: either the subject or the experimenter muddles through

We examined two critiques of rule-assessment methodology: (a) the method does not take into consideration other rules that subjects use to solve problems, and (b) its multiple-choice format misrepresents subjects' cognitive level. In Study 1, high school students completed a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice balance scale questionnaire. Their performance was assessed with Siegler's original rules and a revised set of rules that included an addition and a qualitative proportionality rule. Results showed that Siegler's Rule 3 was not homogeneous and that distinguishing specific patterns of answers among Rule 3 subjects increased the diagnostic value of the rule-assessment methodology. In Study 2, we compared rule-assessment methodology to the Piagetian clinical model. High school students solved balance-scale problems within each method. Results indicated an overall match between Piagetian levels of Siegler's rules, with the exception of Rule 3, suggesting again the pertinence of specifying alternative rules.     

Patterns of Response Times and Response Choices to Science Questions: The Influence of Relative Processing Time

We report on five experiments investigating response choices and response times to simple science questions that evoke student “misconceptions,” and we construct a simple model to explain the patterns of response choices. Physics students were asked to compare a physical quantity represented by the slope, such as speed, on simple physics graphs. We found that response times of incorrect answers, resulting from comparing heights, were faster than response times of correct answers comparing slopes. This result alone might be explained by the fact that height was typically processed faster than slope for this kind of task, which we confirmed in a separate experiment. However, we hypothesize that the difference in response time is an indicator of the cause (rather than the result) of the response choice. To support this, we found that imposing a 3‐s delay in responding increased the number of students comparing slopes (answering correctly) on the task. Additionally a significant proportion of students recognized the correct written rule (compare slope), but on the graph task they incorrectly compared heights. Finally, training either with repetitive examples or providing a general rule both improved scores, but only repetitive examples had a large effect on response times, thus providing evidence of dual paths or processes to a solution. Considering models of heuristics, information accumulation models, and models relevant to the Stroop effect, we construct a simple relative processing time model that could be viewed as a kind of fluency heuristic. The results suggest that misconception‐like patterns of answers to some science questions commonly found on tests may be explained in part by automatic processes that involve the relative processing time of considered dimensions and a priority to answer quickly.     

The Balance-Scale Dilemma: Either the Subject or the Experimenter Muddles Through

We examined two critiques of rule-assessment methodology: (a) the method does not take into consideration other rules that subjects use to solve problems, and (b) its multiple-choice format misrepresents subjects' cognitive level. In Study 1, high school students completed a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice balance scale questionnaire. Their performance was assessed with Siegler's original rules and a revised set of rules that included an addition and a qualitative proportionality rule. Results showed that Siegler's Rule 3 was not homogeneous and that distinguishing specific patterns of answers among Rule 3 subjects increased the diagnostic value of the rule-assessment methodology. In Study 2, we compared rule-assessment methodology to the Piagetian clinical model. High school students solved balance-scale problems within each method. Results indicated an overall match between Piagetian levels and Siegler's rules, with the exception of Rule 3, suggesting again the pertinence of specifying alternative rules.     

Retracted: Formation of Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: The Role of Sociocognitive Factors

An individual's intention to enter into an entrepreneurial career in the future is a complex phenomenon. Existing cognitive models of entrepreneurial intention ignore the significant role of social conditions of an individual. In this article, the author incorporates social capital into a cognitive entrepreneurial intention model based on the theory of planned behavior. Using a sample of 636 Turkish and Pakistani undergraduate business students, the author finds that social capital shapes the entrepreneurial intentions of young people through the cognitive infrastructure. This study contributes to determining the influences of social and cognitive factors on the entrepreneurial intention process.     

The brain-sex theory of occupational choice: a counterexample

The brain-sex theory of occupational choice suggests that males and females in male-typical careers show a male pattern of cognitive ability in terms of better spatial than verbal performance on cognitive tests with the reverse pattern for females and males in female-typical careers. These differences are thought to result from patterns of cerebral functional lateralisation. This study sought such occupationally related effects using synonym generation (verbal ability) and mental rotation (spatial ability) tasks used previously. It also used entrants to these careers as participants to examine whether patterns of cognitive abilities might predate explicit training and practice. Using a population of entrants to sex-differentiated university courses, a moderate occupational effect on the synonym generation task was found, along with a weak (p < .10) sex effect on the mental rotation task. Highest performance on the mental rotation task was by female students in fashion design, a female-dominated occupation which makes substantial visuospatial demands and attracts many students with literacy problems such as dyslexia. This group then appears to be a counterexample to the brain-sex theory. However, methodological issues surrounding previous studies are highlighted: the simple synonym task appears to show limited discrimination of the sexes, leading to questions concerning the legitimacy of inferences about lateralisation based on scores from that test. Moreover, the human figure-based mental rotation task appears to tap the wrong aspect of visuospatial skill, likely to be needed for male-typical courses such as engineering. Since the fashion-design career is also one that attracts disproportionately many male students whose sexual orientation is homosexual, data were examined for evidence of female-typical patterns of cognitive performance among that subgroup. This was not found. This study therefore provides no evidence for the claim that female-pattern cerebral functional lateralisation is likely in gay males.     

Response times seen as decompression times in Boolean concept use

This paper reports a study of a multi-agent model of working memory (WM) in the context of Boolean concept learning. The model aims to assess the compressibility of information processed in WM. Concept complexity is described as a function of communication resources (i.e., the number of agents and the structure of communication between agents) required in WM to learn a target concept. This model has been successfully applied in measuring learning times for three-dimensional (3D) concepts (Mathy and Bradmetz in Curr Psychol Cognit 22(1):41-82, 2004). In this previous study, learning time was found to be a function of compression time. To assess the effect of decompression time, this paper presents an extended intra-conceptual study of response times for two- and 3D concepts. Response times are measured in recognition phases. The model explains why the time required to compress a sample of examples into a rule is directly linked to the time to decompress this rule when categorizing examples. Three experiments were conducted with 65, 49, and 84 undergraduate students who were given Boolean concept learning tasks in two and three dimensions (also called rule-based classification tasks). The results corroborate the metric of decompression given by the multi-agent model, especially when the model is parameterized following static serial processing of information. Also, this static serial model better fits the patterns of response times than an exemplar-based model.     

基于假设检验的项目相合性指标研究

在认知诊断评估中,评价认知模型与作答数据的拟合非常重要。已有的层级相合性指标(HCI)仅能用于评价连接规则下模型与数据的拟合情况,有必要研究分离规则下相合性指标。HCI假设某项目上正确作答,便推断其子项目上的错误作答为失拟。由于作答反应的随机性,提出基于假设检验的项目相合性指标。该指标可用于区分连接规则和分离规则的作答数据、评价Q矩阵质量和衡量作答数据中的噪音、还可为评价认知模型和选择认知诊断模型提供参考。     

The structural relationships among generalized anxiety, obsessions-compulsions, and depression at the syndrome and sub-syndrome level

This study explored anxiety's relationship to depression by assessing a group of 592 undergraduate psychology students at Washington State University. Multiple measures of generalized anxiety (GA), obsessions–compulsions (O–C), and depression were used to conduct several confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). A three-factor model of GA, O–C, and depression was found superior in fit to a one-factor “negative-affect” model, a two-factor model of anxiety and depression, and a second-order three-factor model. Further CFAs divided GA, O–C, and depression into six independent symptom category factors utilizing instrument subscales (e.g., worry, somatic anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, cognitive depression, and somatic depression). The fit for this model was superior to three alternative measurement models. The correlations among the six symptom category constructs revealed differential patterns among the cognitive and somatic symptoms.     

问题发现过程认知阶段划分的探索性研究

采用建构认知模型法探索问题发现过程认知阶段的存在性及顺序性问题。基于已有研究,提出问题发现过程可划分为信息搜寻、现状表征、寻求目标、建立联系、提出问题、评价和修正问题等六个阶段的基本假设。用出声思维和秩次聚类分析的方法对高低能力组共40名大学生问题发现过程的阶段性进行考察,结果显示：六个阶段中有两对阶段出现位置非常接近,可将其进行整合,构成现状搜寻与表征、目标探索、提出问题、评价和修正问题等四个阶段。在不同问题领域与不同能力被试群体中,各认知阶段的顺序性没有差异。