汉字字组时间顺序的内隐记忆研究

采用再认与偏好测验的内隐记忆方法,以文字相同而字序不同的三类汉字字组为刺激材料,对汉字字组进行启动效应的实验研究,探讨汉字字组内隐的时间顺序表征存在的可能性及其加工特点。结果表明：汉字字组中字与字之间存在内隐的时间顺序表征,这种内隐的时间顺序表征是对刺激项目知觉特征中时间维度的一种反映,受知觉表征系统支配,具有自动加工和提取的特点。     

知觉启动效应及其脑机制的研究进展

启动效应是内隐记忆研究的主要对象,人们认为至少存在着两种类型的启动效应——知觉启动和概念启动。知觉启动被认为主要反应对刺激形式的优先加工,概念启动被认为主要反应对刺激意义的优先加工。通常被认为具有知觉特征的启动任务有：阈下呈现的单词识别,词干补笔,残词补笔,和图片命名等。     

知觉启动效应及其脑机制的研究进展

启动效应是内隐记忆研究的主要对象,人们认为至少存在着两种类型的启动效应——知觉启动和概念启动。知觉启动被认为主要反应对刺激形式的优先加工,概念启动被认为主要反应对刺激意义的优先加工。通常被认为具有知觉特征的启动任务有：阈下呈现的单词识别,词干补笔,残词补笔,和图片命名等。     

低频汉字词语的反知觉干扰效应

为了考察记忆的知觉干扰效应机制,实验采用“学习-测验”范式,探索了在不同程度视觉干扰条件下,再认测验里低频汉字及双字词的记忆成绩。结果发现：（1）在对低频汉字的记忆中,知觉干扰条件引起了“反知觉干扰效应”,知觉干扰条件削弱了对汉字的记忆;（2）低频双字词不存在记忆的“反知觉干扰效应”。结果可以解释为,记忆的知觉干扰效应反映语音加工优势。     

速示重复和非速示呈现下的汉字结构方式效应

在速示重复和非速示两种实验条件下考察了汉字大小和笔画数对结构方式效应的影响。在速示实验中,发现有结构方式主效应,并在小号字上以及两种笔画数的汉字上也存在结构方式效应;在非速示实验中,没有发现结构方式主效应,但在多笔画的小号汉字上和多笔画的中号汉字上存在结构方式效应。两个实验还表明,汉字的结构方式效应量值随着视觉条件的改善而减少。该文提出了用以解释结构方式效应的汉字空间通透性概念及其算法,并且讨论了解释结构方式效应量值随着视觉清晰度的改善而系统性减少的模型。     

词干补笔与速示器辨认的起动效应保持过程的比较

本文报告了两项关于起动效应(priming effects)保持过程的实验研究结果:1.汉字的词干补笔的起动效应7天后有显著下降。2.汉字的速亦器辨认的起动效应7天前后无显著差别。这些结果倾向于支持这样的观点:补笔可能性大小是影响起动效应保持过程的一个重要因素。     

变形汉字的结构方式和笔画数效应

曾捷英等提出并采用了汉字通透性概念解释汉字识别中的字形属性效应,例如笔画数效应、笔画类型效应和结构方式效应。在有关研究中采用的主要实验方法是在速示、重复速示、非速示、时间或空间微观发生等条件下要求被试命名汉字。该研究将采用新的实验方法,即在呈现变形汉字1200ms后要求被试报告识别内容。结构方式和笔画数两种字形属性为研究对象。实验结果表明存在着常规的结构方式效应和笔画数效应,尤为重要的是观察到了逆转的结构方式效应。客观计算出的汉字通透性可以合理地解释这些效应。该研究和先前研究部分证明了关于汉字字形知觉的一个重要假设：汉字通透性是形成各种字形属性效应的基本或主导原因。字形属性对汉字识别的影响可以归结为通透性的影响,这称之为通透性中介假设。     

记忆分离研究的新发展

内隐记忆是从记忆测验中分离出来,相对于外显记忆而言的一种新的测量记忆的手段,近年来,一直吸引着众多研究者的兴趣,他们运用多种方法,从不同角度进行实验探索,观点虽众说纷纭,却促进了记忆分离研究的不断发展。Warrington 和Weiskrants(1970)通过对健忘症患者的研究发现,这些患者尽管在自由回忆、线索回忆、再认等直接测验中的成绩受损,但在词干补笔、知觉辨认等时间测验中表现出与正常人一样的启动效应。Light 和Singh(1987)的研究证实,年轻人在回忆与再认中的成绩明显高于老年组,但两组被试在完形与知觉识别中成绩相同。后     

汉字的反知觉干扰效应:来自ERP的证据

采用"学习-测验"范式,在知觉辨认测验(内隐测验)和再认测验(外显测验)中,用事件相关电位探索汉字内隐、外显记忆的"知觉干扰效应"。结果:行为上,内隐记忆不受知觉干扰条件的影响;外显记忆受知觉干扰条件影响而显著降低;脑电上,内隐测验两种条件的ERP无显著差异;外显测验在550～600ms,知觉干扰条件比无干扰条件诱发了更负的ERP。实验在行为和脑电水平上都表现出内隐、外显记忆的分离,出现汉字的"反知觉干扰效应"。     

内隐与外显记忆重复学习效果的比较研究

实验采用重学—分离设计 ,分别用知觉辨认和再认测验作为内隐、外显测量的测验方法 ,比较重学—启动测验的结果与重学—再认的结果 ,发现 :重学和间接测量的结合能有效地揭示内隐记忆的叠加现象 ;一次重学能使知觉启动测验的成绩产生明显的叠加效应 ;高意识水平学习后 ,低意识水平的重复学习不能改变外显测验成绩持续下降的趋势。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.