Incidence and correlates of Internet usage among adolescents in North Cyprus.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Internet usage among adolescents in Northern Cyprus. A total of 686 adolescents (mean age of 14.4 years, range of 12-17 years) were recruited from elementary and high schools. Results showed that the Internet was used primarily by male students. Adolescents used the Internet generally for entertainment and communication. The quality of chat on the Internet was studied, and it was found that adolescents generally introduce themselves differently while chatting. Also, the type of games on the Internet and the correlation between playing these games and aggression was studied in this research. It was found that mostly violent games were played on the Internet and playing these games were related to anti-social aggression and aggression toward the self. Research findings indicated that 1.1% of the students who used the Internet were pathological Internet users. These pathological Internet users visited significantly more chat sites, mp3 sites, pornographic sites, and shopping sites than other users. Also, it was found that students' grade point average (GPA) decreased when pathological Internet usage increased.     

初中生假想观众、个人神话与其互联网社交的关系

采用问卷法,以初中生为被试(n=372),探讨了假想观众、个人神话观念、互联网社交服务使用偏好和病理性互联网使用之间的关系。结果表明在初中阶段:(1)互联网社交服务使用偏好和病理性互联网使用水平随着年级升高而呈直线上升的趋势;(2)互联网社交服务使用偏好可以直接正向预测其病理性互联网使用;(3)假想观众观念对于病理性互联网使用也有显著的直接预测作用;(4)假想观众和个人神话中的无懈可击成分通过对互联网社交使用的喜好间接预测病理性互联网使用水平。     

Predicting problematic Internet use in men and women: the contributions of psychological distress, coping style, and body esteem

Problematic Internet use (PIU) is becoming a prevalent and serious problem among college students. Rates of PIU are higher in men, which may be due to psychological variables, such as comorbid psychological disorders and beliefs about one's body. We examined the ability of psychological distress, coping style, and body esteem to predict levels of PIU in men and women in a sample of 425 undergraduate students (46.8 percent male; mean age?=?19.0, SD?=?1.7). For men, phobic anxiety, wishful thinking, and overweight preoccupation were significant predictors of increased PIU. For women, depression, keeping to oneself, and decreased tension reduction were associated with increased PIU. The findings suggest that men and women may have different psychological reasons for excessive Internet use, including different types of psychological distress and coping styles. Unlike women, men may use the Internet because of weight concerns.     

Association between problematic Internet use and impulse control disorders among Iranian university students

Previous studies have examined the relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU) with pathological gambling and impulsivity. However, few studies have investigated the association between PIU and other impulse control disorders. This study aimed to assess whether PIU is related to compulsive buying, kleptomania, trichotillomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and pyromania, among a sample of Iranian university students. A cross-sectional study design was used among a random sample of (n=950) university students. Self-reported questionnaires, including demographic, Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) and Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview were utilized. The prevalence of PIU was 21.2 percent. Students with diagnosis of either compulsive buying, or intermittent explosive disorder, or pyromania had significantly higher scores on PIUQ compared to the students without the diagnosis. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that in the male gender, the diagnosis of either compulsive buying or intermittent explosive disorder were significant predictors of the risk of the PIU. The results support the proposal that PIU should be considered as a spectrum of impulse control disorder.     

母亲心理控制与青少年问题性网络使用：非适应性认知的中介作用

本研究旨在考察母亲心理控制对青少年问题性网络使用（PIU）的直接和间接作用路径,以及这些路径是否受到性别的调节。以四所初级中学660名青少年为被试,要求其报告母亲的心理控制、非适应性网络认知以及问题性网络使用的情况。结果表明：（1）在控制了性别、年龄、家庭经济状况后,母亲心理控制对青少年PIU具有显著的正向预测作用;（2）非适应性认知在母亲心理控制与PIU之间具有部分中介作用;（3）母亲心理控制与PIU的直接关系（包括总效应和残余效应）以及间接关系（包括心理控制与非适应性认知的关系和非适应性认知与PIU的关系）均未受到性别的调节。研究结果说明母亲心理控制既直接影响青少年PIU,同时也通过非适应性认知产生间接影响,这些直接和间接路径在本研究中未表现出性别差异。     

青少年病理性互联网使用量表的编制与验证

参照国内外研究并结合我国青少年的实际情况,旨在编制出更适合我国情况的青少年病理性互联网使用量表（Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale,APIUS）。探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的结果表明APIUS由6个维度构成,即突显性、耐受性、强迫性上网/戒断症状、心境改变、社交抚慰、消极后果。APIUS显示了良好的信、效度指标,可以作为我国青少年病理性互联网使用的测量工具     

青少年的分离-个体化与其互联网娱乐偏好和病理互联网使用的关系

采用问卷法,以332名中学生为被试,探讨了青少年的分离-个体化、假想观众、互联网娱乐偏好和病理性互联网使用之间的关系。研究发现：（1）青少年互联网娱乐偏好和病理性互联网使用水平存在显著的性别差异,男生比女生更喜欢网上娱乐且有更高的病理性互联网使用水平;（2）分离-个体化中的分离焦虑和预期拒绝对青少年病理性互联网使用有直接的正向预测作用;（3）青少年的互联网娱乐偏好对其病理性互联网使用有正向的预测作用;（4）假想观众观念对于病理性互联网使用有直接的预测作用;（5）分离-个体化中的吞噬焦虑通过对互联网娱乐的偏好间接正向预测病理互联 网使用水平;（6）分离-个体化中的分离焦虑和自我卷入通过假想观众观念间接地正向预测青少年的病理互联网水平     

Impulsivity as a precedent factor for problematic Internet use: How can we be sure?

Previous research has suggested that problematic Internet use (PIU) is associated with impulse control disorder. Although researchers have suggested that impulsivity is a risk factor for PIU, the literature lacks longitudinal evidence on the relationship between impulsivity and PIU. We aimed to use a cross‐lagged analytic framework to identify temporal order effects and hypothesised that impulsivity was the precedent factor for PIU. In a panel sample of college students (N = 367), trait impulsivity and PIU were measured in the spring of freshman year and in their junior year. The measures included a self‐developed PIU Scale and the revised Impulsiveness Scale based on Barratt's concept. We found that “non‐planning impulsivity” was not associated with PIU. The “motor impulsivity” subfactor was thus adopted in the cross‐lagged model. The results suggest that motor impulsivity and PIU were stable across time. Motor impulsivity at Time 1 positively predicted PIU at Time 2, but PIU at Time 1 did not predict motor impulsivity at Time 2. A further investigation using gender as a moderator found a gender difference in the temporal relationship. Because motor impulsivity is a risk factor for PIU, potential prevention strategies based on this result are suggested.     

网络成瘾者不同情绪状态下的认知加工特征

取在校大学生454人,通过《青少年病理性互联网使用量表》（Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale, APIUS),筛查出网络成瘾者31名为实验组,随机抽取样本中其他非成瘾大学生31人为对照组。使用词首－词尾对应三重意义组合图片60个为实验材料,用人物图片为情绪启动刺激,研究被试在不同情绪状态下的认知选择,记录被试选择词组性质和反应时间。研究发现,所有被试对积极词语的选择最多,对消极词语的选择最少,表现出“趋乐避苦”的认知选择倾向;成瘾组被试对积极词语的选择比对照组少,但是对消极词语选择比对照组多。悲伤启动情况下,成瘾组被试对积极词语的选择比对照组少,但是对消极词语的选择则比对照组多。成瘾组被试对积极信息的选择速度比对照组慢,但是对中性信息和消极信息的选择速度则比对照组快。愉快情绪启动下,成瘾组被试的反应时间比对照组短,在悲伤情绪启动下,成瘾组被试的反应时间比对照组长。悲伤情绪启动下,成瘾组被试对积极词语的反应时间比对照组慢,但是对消极词语的反应时间比对照组快。这些研究结果对网络成瘾的治疗有重要的参考价值。     

互联网内容偏好与大学生人格特质关系的研究

本研究对2034名在校大学生的上网情况和人格特质进行测试,探讨大学生网络内容偏好程度与接触频率的关系以及不同人格特质的大学生在互联网内容的偏好上是否有显著性差异。结果表明：(1)接触频率最高的是聊天内容,最低的是网上购物,男生显著高于女生的是游戏类内容,女生显著高于男生的是聊天类内容。(2)不同人格特质的大学生在内容偏好上存在显著差异。     

Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition.

Over the last few years, there has been increased interest in the addictive potential of the Internet. The current study was an attempt to replicate common findings in the literature and provide more evidence for the existence of Internet addiction among students--a population considered to be especially vulnerable. A total of 371 British students responded to the questionnaire, which included the Pathological Internet Use (PIU) scale, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), a self-esteem scale, and two measures of disinhibition. Results showed that 18.3% of the sample were considered to be pathological Internet users, whose excessive use of the Internet was causing academic, social, and interpersonal problems. Other results showed that pathological Internet users had lower self-esteem and were more socially disinhibited. However, there was no significant difference in GHQ scores. These results are discussed in relation to the methodological shortcomings of research in the area as a whole.     

中学生的互联网使用与其应对方式的关系

通过问卷调查探究了589名初二及高二年级中学生的应对方式与病理性互联网使用（Pathological Internet Use,PIU）的关系。研究结果表明,PIU高分组被试较少采用问题解决这一应对方式,而可能更多采用幻想与发泄这二种应对方式;问题解决分数随PIU分数降低而上升,而幻想与发泄二种应对方式随PIU分数降低而降低。问题解决、幻想与发泄在不同PIU分组间的差异显著。因此较多使用问题解决这一应对方式,较少使用发泄与幻想两种应对方式,可能会减少互联网使用带给中学生的消极影响     

越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用的交叉滞后分析

本研究采用交叉滞后设计探讨越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用之间的双向关系。通过越轨同伴交往、问题性网络使用诊断工具对广东省某地区886名青少年（44.0%男生; M = 15.55）进行为期一学年的追踪研究。在控制性别后发现:（1）学年初始的越轨同伴交往可以显著正向预测青少年学年末的问题性网络使用（b1 = .05, SE = .03, p < .05）,即青少年在学年初始越轨同伴交往越多,学年末则表现出更多的问题性网络使用;（2）学年初始的青少年问题性网络使用可以显著正向预测其学年末的越轨同伴交往（b2 = .08, SE = .03, p < .05）。（3）越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用的双向关系存在性别差异。     

越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用的交叉滞后分析

本研究采用交叉滞后设计探讨越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用之间的双向关系。通过越轨同伴交往、问题性网络使用诊断工具对广东省某地区886名青少年（44.0%男生; M = 15.55）进行为期一学年的追踪研究。在控制性别后发现:（1）学年初始的越轨同伴交往可以显著正向预测青少年学年末的问题性网络使用（b1 = .05, SE = .03, p < .05）,即青少年在学年初始越轨同伴交往越多,学年末则表现出更多的问题性网络使用;（2）学年初始的青少年问题性网络使用可以显著正向预测其学年末的越轨同伴交往（b2 = .08, SE = .03, p < .05）。（3）越轨同伴交往与青少年问题性网络使用的双向关系存在性别差异。     

RAISING MALE PRIVILEGE AWARENESS AND REDUCING SEXISM: AN EVALUATION OF DIVERSITY COURSES

Research examining the impact of women's studies courses provides evidence of student changes such as greater agreement with feminist and egalitarian attitudes, lower prejudice against women, and increased activism. Using a pre- and posttest design, the current studies assess students' awareness of male privilege, prejudice against women, support for affirmative action, and identification as feminist following courses with and without gender content. In Study 1, students taking a course entitled Psychology of Race and Gender completed identical surveys during the first and last weeks of the semester. Study 2 included students in Psychology of Women, Introduction to Women's Studies, and courses not addressing gender. Participants in diversity and women's studies courses in both studies exhibited more male privilege awareness and support for affirmative action at the end of the semester compared to pretest. However, the change in women's studies students' support for affirmative action and sexism levels was not significantly different from students in comparison courses. Women's studies students completed their courses with greater self-identification with feminism in contrast to non–women's studies students.     

大学生网络学习行为偏好、网络元认知与网络成瘾的关系研究

网络是大学生获取信息的重要方式,大学生对网络的认识水平,应用技能及自控能力会影响其上网行为,进而影响其学习和生活。本研究自编大学生网络元认知量表、网络学习行为调查问卷并应用网络成瘾诊断量表调查大学生网络学习行为偏好、网络元认知和网络成瘾的现状,并进一步分析网络元认知与网络成瘾等相关因素的关系。结果表明：大学生网络行为总体健康良好;大学生网络花费时间存在性别差异和时间段差异;大学生网络元认知水平分布呈正偏态,大学生网络元认知水平不存在性别差异,年级差异及专业差异;大学生网络成瘾比例较低,大学生网络成瘾性别差异显著;网络成瘾与网络元认知得分呈负相关。     

Effects of Participation in a First Women's Studies Course on Collective Self‐Esteem,Gender‐Related Attitudes,and Emotional Well‐Being1

We studied the psychological sequelae of participation in a first women's studies course. It was hypothesized that this course would impact women's social identities (collective self‐esteem, CSE) and attitudes about gender (sexist and feminist beliefs). Further, we hypothesized that more liberal attitudes about gender would enhance mood, whereas awareness of devaluation (public CSE) would reduce mood. Female students enrolled in Psychology of Women (n= 55) and Introductory Psychology (n= 41) provided data at the beginning and end of an academic semester. As predicted, Psychology of Women students endorsed significantly more liberal attitudes about gender and awareness of devaluation over the course of the semester. Further, acceptance of feminist attitudes buffered against anxiety, whereas awareness of devaluation increased anxiety. The net effect was a nonsignificant change in anxiety for Psychology of Women students over time.     

Internet use among Chinese college students: implications for sex education and HIV prevention.

The Internet has gained great popularity among Chinese college students, but studies on Internet use behaviors and their relationship with sexual risk perception and behaviors have been limited. A survey was conducted among 1,845 college students in an eastern province of China, in order to assess the pattern of Internet use among Chinese college students, to examine the relationship of Internet use and HIV knowledge and susceptibility, and to explore the relationship of online risk behaviors with sexual status, sexual intention, and sexual perceptions. Data suggest that many students used the Internet frequently and often spent long hours online. Differences between genders and across grades were observed in the patterns of students' Internet use. Male students reported much higher rates of visiting pornographic websites or engaging in other online risk behaviors. Students' HIV knowledge or susceptibility did not differ by the extent of Internet use, but online risks were positively associated with their sexual status, sexual intention, and sexual perceptions. Students who were sexually active, planned to have sex, or possessed permissive attitudes toward pre-marital sex were more likely to report online risk behaviors such as visiting pornographic sites, cyberbullying, or distributing erotic materials via the Internet. The data underscore the importance to provide students with appropriate guidance on their Internet use, especially for reducing online risks and utilizing Internet as a source for sex education and HIV prevention.     

(Inadvertently) Instructing Missionaries in (Public University) World Religions Courses: Examining a Pedagogical Dilemma,its Dimensions,and a Course Section Solution

In this article, I explore an ethical and pedagogical dilemma that I encounter each semester in my world religions courses: namely, that a great number of students enroll in the courses as part of their missionary training programs, and come to class understanding successful learning to mean gathering enough information about the world's religious “traditions” so as to effectively seduce people out of them. How should we teach world religions – in public university religious studies courses – with this student constituency? What are/ought to be our student learning goals? What can and should we expect to accomplish? How can we maximize student learning, while also maintaining our disciplinary integrity? In response to these questions, I propose a world religions course module, the goal of which is for students to examine – as objects of inquiry – the lenses through which they understand religion(s). With a recognition of their own lenses, I argue, missionary students become more aware of the biases and presumptions about others that they bring to the table, and they learn to see the ways in which these presumptions inform what they see and know about others, and also what they do not so easily see.     

The what,how much,and when of study strategies: comparing intended versus actual study behaviour

The study behaviours of students can be assessed from several perspectives, such as what study strategies are used, the total number of hours of study, and the distribution of studying over time. Here, we present the results of a survey study that considered each of these perspectives by asking students to report the what, how much, and when of their study behaviours over the course of a semester. As important, to better understand students’ use of study strategies, we also had students report at the beginning of the semester how they intended to study and their beliefs about the effectiveness of a variety of common strategies. Our results indicate that during the semester, students rely on relatively ineffective strategies and mass their studying the day or two before an exam. However, students intended to begin studying earlier and to use a mix of effective and ineffective study habits. Despite their use of some ineffective strategies, they did have a relatively accurate assessment of which strategies were less versus more effective. Taken together, our results suggest that students have some excellent intentions but may falter because massing study the evening before an exam limits their use of more effective study strategies.