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1.
This study explored relationships between alexithymia (measured through the Toronto Alexithymia Scale), probable neurological
dysfunction (Stroop Color Word Test), and “Verbal” and “Abstraction” IQ scores (Hartford-Shipley Institute for Living Scale)
in relation to risk-taking behavior. Subjects were “anti-social” risk-takers (criminal offenders undergoing court-related
residential drug treatment), “adventurous” risktakers (college students who regularly engage in such sports as rock-climbing
and spelunking), or “normals” (college students who were neither adventurous risk-takers nor criminal offenders). Principal
findings reveal that clinically relevant alexithymia is observed among risk-takers of either anti-social or adventurous variety
less frequently, but among “normals” more frequently, than chance would predict; that the “verbal deficit pattern” in intellectual
functioning is observed more frequently among adventurous risk-takers, less frequently among “normals,” and no more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers than chance would predict; and that probable neurological dysfunction is observed more frequently
among anti-social risk-takers but less frequently among adventurous risk-takers or “normals” than chance would predict. Results
support only in part the Pallone-Hennessy (1999) conceptual model of the genesis and correlates of risk-taking in respect
of anti-social, but not in respect of adventurous risk-takers.
This study was supported by grants from the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program, Rutgers College, and the Fund for Correctional
Psychology, Center of Alcohol Studies. Deep gratitude is expressed to Eric Workowski, Charles Rouse, and Joni Lepore for their
invaluable assistance. 相似文献
2.
This study is a laboratory analogue investigation of variables that impinge upon the recall of detail about a simulated act
of armed robbery among “eyewitnesses.” Specifically, this study sought to determine (1) whether recall of detail by Ss who
watch the videotape of a simulated “armed robbery” taken by surveillance camera in a “convenience” store varies according
to (a) the dress and appearance of the presumed “robber,” (b) the gender of the victim of the “robbery,” and/or (c) the gender
of the “eyewitness”; and (2) whether such recall varies according to S’s inventoried psychological “needs.” Ss viewed the
videotape of the simulated robbery under one of four conditions representing variations in the dress and appearance (“status”)
of the alleged offender and the gender of the alleged victim; completed the Personality Adjective Inventory; and responded
to a questionnaire concerning details of the alleged offense. Results indicate that the single statistically significant source
of variance in accuracy of recall of detail is the experimentally manipulated “status” of the perpetrator; gender of victim
and of subject contribute significantly neither in isolation nor in interaction. Inventoried psychological needs for “autonomy”
and “change” are significantly but negatively and weakly correlated with accuracy among women Ss, while “change” alone is
so correlated among men Ss. Findings are interpreted in accordance with theory and research in experimental social psychology
and psychological criminology bearing upon person perception and role expectancy in relation to behavioral stereotypes.
This study was supported in part through the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program at Rutgers College of Rutgers-The State University
of New Jersey. The authors express their gratitude to Charles Rouse, Steven Gaynor, April Hayes, Erica Gross, Shawn Kimble,
Elizabeth Chen, and Stephanie Bonn; Officer Leroy Washington, Rutgers University Police; and most particularly to Dipak Munsaf,
proprietor of Krauszer's Food Store in the sixth ward of the city of New Brunswick. 相似文献
3.
This study is a laboratory analogue investigation of variables that impinge upon the recall of detail about a simulated act
of armed robbery among “eyewitnesses.” Specifically, this study sought to determine (1) whether recall of detail by Ss who
watch the videotape of a simulated “armed robbery” taken by surveillance camera in a “convenience” store varies according
to (a) the dress and appearance of the presumed “robber,” (b) the gender of the victim of the “robbery,” and/or (c) the gender
of the “eyewitness”; and (2) whether such recall varies according to S’s inventoried psychological “needs.” Ss viewed the
videotape of the simulated robbery under one of four conditions representing variations in the dress and appearance (“status”)
of the alleged offender and the gender of the alleged victim; completed the Personality Adjective Inventory; and responded
to a questionnaire concerning details of the alleged offense. Results indicate that the single statistically significant source
of variance in accuracy of recall of detail is the experimentally manipulated “status” of the perpetrator; gender of victim
and of subject contribute significantly neither in isolation nor in interaction. Inventoried psychological needs for “autonomy”
and “change” are significantly but negatively and weakly correlated with accuracy among women Ss, while “change” alone is
so correlated among men Ss. Findings are interpreted in accordance with theory and research in experimental social psychology
and psychological criminology bearing upon person perception and role expectancy in relation to behavioral stereotypes.
This study was supported in part through the Henry Rutgers Scholars Program at Rutgers College of Rutgers-The State University
of New Jersey. The authors express their gratitude to Charles Rouse, Steven Gaynor, April Hayes, Erica Gross, Shawn Kimble,
Elizabeth Chen, and Stephanie Bonn; Officer Leroy Washington, Rutgers University Police; and most particularly to Dipak Munsaf,
proprietor of Krauszer's Food Store in the sixth ward of the city of New Brunswick. 相似文献
4.
Gail A. Caputo 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(1):70-81
According to Gilligan's model of moral reasoning, some people approach difficult decisions situationally and in response to
needs and relationships of the people involved, often including themselves. People who think this way operate with a “care
voice” and tend to be girls and women. Others do so with concerns about rights, obligations, and rules, employing conventional
standards uniformly to be fair. These people operate with a “justice voice.” A study was conducted to assess the usefulness
of the model for understanding student opinions of penalty for two hypothetical criminal offenders. Based upon data obtained
from a self-administered written questionnaire and a quantitative index of “voice,” three themes emerged. First, most students
exhibited concerns reflective of the two internal moral structures, the “care voice” and the “justice voice,” when they responded
to queries about the proper function of criminal sanctions. This indicates that at least two equally legitimate yet competitive
definitions of criminal justice exist. Second, gender and “voice” are associated, but not invariably. Third, “voice” is more
helpful than gender for explaining penalty choices. The care model is associated with penalty choices that are responsive
to needs of people involved in the situation, and the custodial nature of sanctions lends insight into these choices. The
justice model is associated with the assignment of normative sanctions. Moreover, many students expressed a “model of voice,”
or a view of fairness, that conflicts with the dominant model of the criminal justice system. 相似文献
5.
Gail A. Caputo 《Current Psychology》2000,19(1):70-81
According to Gilligan's model of moral reasoning, some people approach difficult decisions situationally and in response to
needs and relationships of the people involved, often including themselves. People who think this way operate with a “care
voice” and tend to be girls and women. Others do so with concerns about rights, obligations, and rules, employing conventional
standards uniformly to be fair. These people operate with a “justice voice.” A study was conducted to assess the usefulness
of the model for understanding student opinions of penalty for two hypothetical criminal offenders. Based upon data obtained
from a self-administered written questionnaire and a quantitative index of “voice,” three themes emerged. First, most students
exhibited concerns reflective of the two internal moral structures, the “care voice” and the “justice voice,” when they responded
to queries about the proper function of criminal sanctions. This indicates that at least two equally legitimate yet competitive
definitions of criminal justice exist. Second, gender and “voice” are associated, but not invariably. Third, “voice” is more
helpful than gender for explaining penalty choices. The care model is associated with penalty choices that are responsive
to needs of people involved in the situation, and the custodial nature of sanctions lends insight into these choices. The
justice model is associated with the assignment of normative sanctions. Moreover, many students expressed a “model of voice,”
or a view of fairness, that conflicts with the dominant model of the criminal justice system. 相似文献
6.
This study explored relationships between “highly probable” neuropathology in the limbic system (as gauged by clinically elevated
scores on the Limbic System Check-list-33, or LSCL-33, a screening index for limbic system dysfunction developed by medical
researchers at Harvard and Dartmouth) and inventoried psychopathology (as gauged through scores on the MMPI) among a group
of adjudicated pedophiles incarcerated for treatment in a specialized prison for criminal sexual psychopaths in a mid-Atlantic
state. Principal findings: Only 33 percent of this sample of incarcerated pedophiles exhibits scores on the LSCL-33 at a level high enough to warrant
a medical conclusion of “probable” limbic system dysfunction. When scores on the MMPI are grouped according to critical values
for clinically relevant scores on the LSCL-33, significant F ratios in one-way analyses of variance are observed on L, F,
K, Hs, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma. Mean T scores for “probable” dysfunctionals simultaneously reach elevations at or above
the threshold of clinical significance for Pd, Pa, and Sc. On that basis, the categorization psychopathic paranoid schizophrenia readily applies to limbic system dysfunctional child sexual abusers studied in this inquiry, but not to their nondysfunctional
counterparts. But significant F ratios are observed neither for the age of the victim(s) in the instant offense(s), for the
number of prior arrests for sex offenses, for the number of prior arrests for any and all felony offenses, including sex offenses,
nor for the offender's current age. However, a stepwise multiple regression between gross number of prior arrests for any
and all offenses (including sex offenses) as the most robust of the indices of past criminal activity and both LSCL-33 and
MMPI scores across all offenders represented in this inquiry (i.e., the limbic system dysfunctional, the nondysfunctional,
and a mid-range group) proceeds to four steps, achieving a multiple R of .575 and encompassing Pd, Mf, Pa, and LSCL-33 scores
as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. Stepwise multiple regression analyses of past arrest record computed independently
for limbic system dysfunctionals and nondysfunctionals progresses among dysfunctionals to seven steps, achieving a multiple
R of .867 and encompassing Pd, Hy, Ma, Mf, Si, Pa, and Sc scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set; and among
nondysfunctionals, to six steps, achieving a multiple R of .797 and encompassing Mf, D, Pt, Hy, Pa, and over-controlled hostility
scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. The latter results are interpreted as suggesting that neuropathology
and psychopathology interact with and potentiate each other in post-dicting criminal behavior among the pedophiles studied
in this inquiry.
This study was supported in part by the Fund for Correctional and Forensic Psychology, Rutgers University Foundation. The
investigators express deep appreciation to Charles Albino for assis-tance in data collection. 相似文献
7.
This study explored relationships between “highly probable” neuropathology in the limbic system (as gauged by clinically elevated
scores on the Limbic System Check-list-33, or LSCL-33, a screening index for limbic system dysfunction developed by medical
researchers at Harvard and Dartmouth) and inventoried psychopathology (as gauged through scores on the MMPI) among a group
of adjudicated pedophiles incarcerated for treatment in a specialized prison for criminal sexual psychopaths in a mid-Atlantic
state. Principal findings: Only 33 percent of this sample of incarcerated pedophiles exhibits scores on the LSCL-33 at a level high enough to warrant
a medical conclusion of “probable” limbic system dysfunction. When scores on the MMPI are grouped according to critical values
for clinically relevant scores on the LSCL-33, significant F ratios in one-way analyses of variance are observed on L, F,
K, Hs, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma. Mean T scores for “probable” dysfunctionals simultaneously reach elevations at or above
the threshold of clinical significance for Pd, Pa, and Sc. On that basis, the categorization psychopathic paranoid schizophrenia readily applies to limbic system dysfunctional child sexual abusers studied in this inquiry, but not to their nondysfunctional
counterparts. But significant F ratios are observed neither for the age of the victim(s) in the instant offense(s), for the
number of prior arrests for sex offenses, for the number of prior arrests for any and all felony offenses, including sex offenses,
nor for the offender's current age. However, a stepwise multiple regression between gross number of prior arrests for any
and all offenses (including sex offenses) as the most robust of the indices of past criminal activity and both LSCL-33 and
MMPI scores across all offenders represented in this inquiry (i.e., the limbic system dysfunctional, the nondysfunctional,
and a mid-range group) proceeds to four steps, achieving a multiple R of .575 and encompassing Pd, Mf, Pa, and LSCL-33 scores
as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. Stepwise multiple regression analyses of past arrest record computed independently
for limbic system dysfunctionals and nondysfunctionals progresses among dysfunctionals to seven steps, achieving a multiple
R of .867 and encompassing Pd, Hy, Ma, Mf, Si, Pa, and Sc scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set; and among
nondysfunctionals, to six steps, achieving a multiple R of .797 and encompassing Mf, D, Pt, Hy, Pa, and over-controlled hostility
scores as the most efficient interactive post-dictive set. The latter results are interpreted as suggesting that neuropathology
and psychopathology interact with and potentiate each other in post-dicting criminal behavior among the pedophiles studied
in this inquiry.
This study was supported in part by the Fund for Correctional and Forensic Psychology, Rutgers University Foundation. The
investigators express deep appreciation to Charles Albino for assis-tance in data collection. 相似文献
8.
Miller-Lewis LR Baghurst PA Sawyer MG Prior MR Clark JJ Arney FM Carbone JA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(6):886-901
This study examined the dynamic relationships between child, parenting, and family-related predictor variables and early childhood externalising behaviour problems. A community sample of 395 Australian children was followed longitudinally, and assessed at 4 and 6 years with the Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and standard measures of parenting, temperament, and familial adversity. Variables based on the average scores across the two assessments and the change in scores between assessments were utilised as predictors of parent-reported and teacher-reported externalising behaviour problems at age 6. It was hypothesised that both higher average scores and more detrimental changes in scores, would independently predict externalising problems at age 6. Multivariable analyses found that the presence of parent-reported child externalising problems in six-year-olds were predicted by: (i) the presence of parent-reported child externalising problems at age 4, (ii) higher average “teacher-reported child externalising behaviour,” “inflexible temperament,” “non-persistent temperament,” and “over-reactive parenting,” and (iii) an increased “inflexible temperament” score between age 4 and age 6. The presence of teacher-reported child externalising problems at age 6 was predicted by higher average “parent-reported child externalising behaviour,” and “over-reactive parenting.” The results provide further evidence of the adverse impact of continuing high levels of temperament difficulties and over-reactive parenting on externalising behaviour in early childhood. However, contrary to expectations, the contribution of including the dynamic change scores was limited. 相似文献
9.
Israel Bartal 《Jewish History》2007,21(3-4):249-261
Jewish agrarianization projects in Eastern Europe began in the late eighteenth century. This article compares three such movements
that emerged in the Russian Empire: the colonization of the southern Ukraine that took place in the early decades of the nineteenth
century, and, later, in the 1880s, the initiatives known as Am Oylom and Bilu. The founders of the colonies in the Ukraine combined the ideology of the Enlightenment with Russian imperial considerations,
while the later movements were part of a radical Jewish avant-garde that aimed to create a “new” Jew, who would be a hardworking
farmer and live in a cooperative community. Yet these visions could be realized only in a new land free of old, anti-Jewish
political systems. Thus the place of social and economic rebirth would be “New Russia,” the United States, or Palestine, and
regardless of location or time, the initiators of these enterprises all adopted a consistently productivist rhetoric. In addition,
the settlement projects all unknowingly advanced the expanding colonialist interests of the governments of Russia, North America,
and Palestine.
A revised version of this paper was presented at the international conference “Beyond Eastern Europe: Jewish Cultures in Israel
and the United States”, Rutgers University, March 2007. 相似文献
10.
This study investigated whether people engaged in high risk-taking occupations (involving placing themselves or others in jeopardy) would seek or prefer highly stimulating activities of a nonvocational nature more than people engaged in low risk-taking occupations. One hundred air traffic controllers (high risk-takers) were compared with 78 civil service employees and college students (low risk-takers). The high risk-taking group scored significantly higher than the low risk-taking group on all five dimensions of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, indicating a higher need for sensation stimulation. These findings lend support to the proposition that risk-taking as a response style is related to occupational group membership. 相似文献
11.
In a paper entitled “Revolution in Permanence”, published in the collection “Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems”, John Worrall
(1995) severely criticised several aspects of Karl Popper’s work before commenting that “I have no doubt that, given suffi-cient
motivation, a case could be constructed on the basis of such remarks that Popper had a more sophisticated version of theory
production......” (p. 102). Part of Worrall’s criticism is directed at a “strawpopper”: in his “Darwinian Model” emphasising
the similarities and differences between genetic mutation, variation in animal behaviour and the gestation of scientific theories,
Popper (1975, 1981, 1994) never stated that tentative scientific conjec-tures “while more or less random, are not completely
blind.” He was referring to variation in animal species behaviour, and about tentative scientific conjectures he said nothing,
although common sense would indicate that presumably he regarded them as being less blind and less random. In Popper (1977,
1983), giving a summary of his “Darwinian Model”, he repaired this omission about tentative scientific conjectures by inserting
the sentence “On a level of World 3 theory formation they are of the character of planned gropings into the unknown.” Recent
developments in the field of genetics (see for example Raff (1996), Lewis (1999), Korn (2002)) indicate that Popper’s intuitions
were along the modern lines while Worrall’s intuitions are old fashioned. Therefore Popper’s “Darwinian Model” remains both
viable and fruitful. 相似文献
12.
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
13.
Nima Ghorbani P. J. Watson Stephen W. Krauss Mark N. Bing H. Kristl Davison 《Current Psychology》2004,23(2):111-123
This investigation most importantly sought to illustrate the use of social science to promote cross-cultural dialogue. Fukuyama
(1992) explained contemporary cultural trends in terms of a triumphant individualism that would overcome all other forms of
social life, including what he described as the “fundamentalist resentment” of Iran. Lasch (1979) more pessimistically diagnosed
Western social arrangements in terms of an emerging “culture of narcissism.” In this study, Iranian and American university
students responded to measures of narcissism, individualist and collectivist values, religious interest, and psychological
adjustment (identity, self-actualization, and self-consciousness). Variables related to a sense of community (collectivist
values, religious interest, and identity) correlated negatively with narcissism in both societies, as did self-actualization.
These data supported a moderate position between the polarized extremes of Fukuyama and Lasch and more importantly demonstrated
how social scientific methods might be useful in creating a “space” for conducting a “dialogue between civilizations.” 相似文献
14.
Peter K. Mcinerney 《Philosophical Studies》2006,129(2):253-261
15.
叶秀山 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2008,3(3):438-454
Levinas subverts the traditional “ontology-epistemology,” and creates a “realm of difference,” the realm of “value,” “ethic,”
and “religion,” maintaining that ethics is real metaphysics. According to him, it is not that “being” contains the “other”
but the other way round. In this way, the issues of ethics are promoted greatly in the realm of philosophy. Nonetheless, he
does not intend to deny “ontology” completely, but reversed the relationship between “ontology (theory of truth)” and “ethics
(axiology),” placing the former under the “constraint” of the latter. Different from general empirical science, philosophy
focuses more on issues irrelevant to ordinary empirical objects; it does have “objects,” though. More often than not, the
issues of philosophy cannot be conceptualized into “propositions”; nevertheless, it absolutely has its “theme.” As a discipline,
philosophy continuously takes “being” as its “theme” and “object” of thinking. The point is that this “being” should not be
understood as an “object” completely. Rather, it is still a “theme-subject.” In addition to an “object,” “being” also manifests
itself in an “attribute” and a kind of “meaning” as well. In a word, it is the temporal, historical, and free “being” rather
than “various beings” that is the “theme-subject” of philosophy.
Translated by Zhang Lin from Wen Shi Zhe 文史哲 (Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy), 2007, (1): 61–70 相似文献
16.
The present study compared chronic procrastination tendencies claimed by “whitecollar” working adults (n = 141) with rates reported by Harriott and Ferrari ( 1996) of “blue-collar” working adults (n - 211). Participants completed reliable and valid measures of everyday procrastination tendencies (decisional, arousal, and
avoidant), and socio-demographic items at one of several public forums. Results showed no significant difference between classes
of working adults on age, gender, marital status, or the number of children, although “white-collar” workers claimed higher
levels of education than “blue-collar” workers. “White-collar” workers also reported significantly higher scores on all three
forms of chronic procrastination than “blue-collar” workers. It seems that professional employees report procrastination more
frequently than unskilled workers. Further research is needed to explore the causes and consequences associated with differences
in chronic procrastination by occupational group. 相似文献
17.
Geoffrey Cantor 《Jewish History》2009,23(4):363-388
In recovering the life and work of Ellis Abraham Davidson (1828–1878), this paper draws attention to a Victorian who expands
our understanding of Anglo-Jewry as he does not fit the occupational stereotypes. Unusually, he contributed to education,
more specifically to the socially-important but frequently neglected topic of technical education. He taught the “lowly” arts,
generally known in the nineteenth century as “arts and manufactures”, or the “useful arts”, or “art and design”. Thus although
he did not become an artisan or tradesman himself, through his teaching others acquired the requisite skills to become artisans
and tradesmen. Moreover, drawing on his experience teaching practical subjects he lectured to Jewish artisans and advised
the Board of Guardians on the best way to support apprentices. Finally, and most importantly, this study of Davidson sheds
new light on the relations between science, technology, and Judaism in the mid-Victorian period. Thus the final two sections
of this paper will examine his commitment to a form of natural theology that set him against Darwin’s theory of evolution
and also informed his only book directed specifically at the Anglo-Jewish community. 相似文献
18.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between alexithymia and social anxiety symptoms in female outpatients
with dermatological disorder. Fifty consecutive patients sent to a psychiatry outpatient clinic for consultation from a dermatology
outpatient clinic were included in the study. Social anxiety symptoms showed significant correlations with depression, trait
anxiety, alexithymia and global psychiatric symptom severity. A multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated that subscales
of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) were related to alexithymia and trait anxiety. The “difficulty in describing
feelings” (DDF) dimension of alexithymia and trait anxiety appear to be important factors in this relationship between social
anxiety and alexithymia. Results of this study suggest that patients with dermatological disorder may benefit from both treatment
of social anxiety symptoms and learning how to regulate their affects and emotional expression. 相似文献
19.
The present study compared chronic procrastination tendencies claimed by “whitecollar” working adults (n = 141) with rates reported by Harriott and Ferrari ( 1996) of “blue-collar” working adults (n - 211). Participants completed reliable and valid measures of everyday procrastination tendencies (decisional, arousal, and
avoidant), and socio-demographic items at one of several public forums. Results showed no significant difference between classes
of working adults on age, gender, marital status, or the number of children, although “white-collar” workers claimed higher
levels of education than “blue-collar” workers. “White-collar” workers also reported significantly higher scores on all three
forms of chronic procrastination than “blue-collar” workers. It seems that professional employees report procrastination more
frequently than unskilled workers. Further research is needed to explore the causes and consequences associated with differences
in chronic procrastination by occupational group. 相似文献
20.
Alfred Collins 《Psychological studies》2009,54(3):194-201
The film “Slumdog Millionaire” when viewed together with the earlier “Salaam Bombay!” penetrates into the cultural psychology
of urban India, revealing continuity with traditional Indian esthetic theories and commonality with psychoanalytic self psychologies.
In films where plot is secondary and character is everything, we are led deep into the essence of the heroes’ feelings and
learn to appreciate how being loyal to affect points the way to selfhood. Both films explore the psyches of boys struggling
to hold on to fundamental “blueprints” of selfhood in the face of environments which seem to deny them any chance of fulfillment.
While “Salaam Bombay!” presents a tragic and depressive response to the trauma and deprivation of slum life, “Slumdog Millionaire”
appears grandiose and manic. Beneath the surface, both films sustain faith that these children can and will find the families
they need to flourish. While hope is deferred in “Salaam!” it is ultimately achieved in “Slumdog.” 相似文献