Incidences de la (ré)organisation du (télé)travail en temps de crise du point de vue de l’encadrement intermédiaire

IntroductionThe Covid-19 pandemic disrupted the organization of work and represented a turning point in the deployment of mediated and remote work. Wherever the continuation of the activity was possible at a distance, telework was imposed. Nevertheless, it is exercised in new conditions and the organization of work modalities is defined according to the evolution of the situation and governmental health measures.ObjectiveIn this context, the objective of this study is to understand what are, from the point of view of middle managers, the impacts of telework in confinement and then during the progressive re-establishment of the activity on site, on the one hand, on the work, its organization and its conditions of realization and, on the other hand, on the work collectives, the relationship to work and the quality of life of the employees.MethodIn this perspective, we carried out an exploratory and comprehensive study through semi-structured interviews with 17 directors of service in a French public organization.ResultsThe lexical and morphosyntactic analysis performed shows that the modalities of work organization/reorganization at different moments of the crisis, their impact on work activity, the psychosocial experience of telework within the services and the managerial practices deployed (3 classes) could constitute opportunities but also generate risks.ConclusionThe results of this study allow us to identify the benefits but also the potentially deleterious effects of the use of telework in times of crisis and provide elements for consideration in its post-pandemic deployment.     

Jardin thérapeutique,outil de prévention du burnout

The aim of this research was to study the effect of the presence of a garden in a hospital care sector on caregiver burnout. Eighty-eight nurses and caregivers from 9 care sectors answered a questionnaire constructed from the theories and scales of Karasek and Theorell. Three types of services were compared (cognitive behavioral unit, palliative care, post-acute and rehabilitation care) with a garden adapted for therapeutic activities versus with a regular garden versus with no garden. The main result was a lesser incidence of burnout in care services with a garden that those without a garden, irrespective of the type of care service, along with an amplification of the benefit with specially-designed gardens. The feeling of strength, both physical and psychological, was less present when the care services did not have a garden. A trend toward an increase in musculoskeletal disorders in services with a therapeutic garden versus no garden was observed. Upon analyzing the results, the authors recommend particular attention in the designing of hospital gardens in order to facilitate the ergonomics of nursing work. The overall results advocate the use of the garden as a systemic structure conducive to work interactions in a specially-designed area.     

La responsabilité pénale du psychiatre du fait de son patient

If the criminal liability remains personal, recent case law has tended to broaden the hypotheses for the doctor's criminal liability in the case of unintentional offenses. The question particularly concerns the psychiatrist, because of acts committed by his patient, on the basis of articles 221-6 or 222-19 of the French penal code. However, judicial assessment of the fault and its causal link with the damage does not impose on the psychiatrist an obligation of result, insofar as only serious professional misconduct, manifestly not in accordance with the rules of medical art, are sanctioned.     

Stéréotypes de poids,jugement de valeur et de recrutabilité : les rôles modérateurs du sexe et de la personnalité

ObjectiveThe existing literature testifies to the presence of discrimination against obese people in hiring. The present study aimed to test the effects of candidates’ weight on value judgment and recruitability by taking into account their gender and personality. The study using the judges’ paradigm involved a sample of 279 recruiters. The recruiters were asked to judge eight fictitious CVs including a photo of the candidate, their education, their work experience and their answers to a personality test (proactive or reactive personality). The target job was a medical laboratory technician.ResultsAnalyses of variance revealed significant effects of applicants’ weight, and proactivity on judgements of agreeableness, effort, competence and recruitability. Indeed, obese people are discriminated against in hiring whereas proactivity would be a variable increasing the recruitability judgment. Moreover, the gender of applicants alone is no longer a variable that encourages discrimination.ConclusionThis study opens up a new field of research on proactivity as a social norm of judgement and corroborates previous studies on weight discrimination in personnel selection. The limitations of the study open up new avenues of research.     

Mécanisme de défense collectif et acculturation volontaire : l'exemple de l'occidentalisation du Japon

Never dominated seriously by any Western country, Japan today shows a considerable westernization of its culture, especially in linguistic and esthetic fields. The study reveals a striking paradox: whereas Japanese society remains almost hermetic to the outside world in terms of human exchange, its culture integrates eagerly foreign values. This article puts forward the concept of “collective defense mechanisms” in order to demonstrate a complementary relation, not an opposition, between closed identity and open culture. It is not despite of, but thanks to a certain isolation of its social community that Japan holds its culture open to the outside world.     

L’anxiété maternelle de séparation et l’aménagement du temps de travail

In order to examine the reasons of the choice and the effectiveness of the strategies of conciliation related to the adaptation of working time, we present two empirical studies which investigate the relationships between the level of maternal separation anxiety and the choice of the duration of the schedules of work. The first study was conducted among two groups of working mothers, one of 41 mothers working at full-time, the other of 33 mothers having chosen to work part-time. The second study relates to 45 employees of mass marketing having the possibility of choosing nonstandard work schedules (early the morning, late the evening) or in day. The results confirm that, on a psychological level, the question of worked time is crucial for the active mothers. They illustrate how the new constraints related to the changes of the world of work (flexibility and precariousness) can be sometimes undergone by the women, sometimes appropriated by them in order to reconcile work and their family role.     

La pensée politique de Malinovski ou les ambiguités du prédécembrisme

Sans résuméConférence donnée à la Societé Belge de Philosophie, à Bruxelles, rue d'Egmont, le 13 mars 1971.     

Équité, Solidarité et Justice Perçue des Décisions de Recrutement Professionnel : Effets du Point de Vue de l'Observateur,de la Valence de la Décision et du Caractère contrôlable de la Cause du Besoin

The experience tested the effects of the observer’s point of view, of the valence of the decision, and of the controllable causality of the need on the consideration of the contributions and of the needs in the fairness perceptions from a decision of recruitment. Some recruiters and job- seekers judged the fairness of decisions of the recruitment of applicants which were described by their performance during a work sample test and by their professional position. The results showed that both variables had an effect on the judgments. Nevertheless the recruiters attached more importance to the performance and less to the professional position and to the hiring decision than the job seekers. Some implications in terms of affirmative action policies and communication were discussed.     

Actes du Ille Congrès des Sociétés de Philosophie de Langue française

Sans résumé     

Les stratégies de coping : une revue de la littérature dans les domaines du sport et de l’éducation

IntroductionCoping is a central concept in sport and educational settings, given the stress caused by the involvement of skills, the uncertainty of the result, the failure and/or the obstacles during learning efforts. Understanding why and how individuals adopt or do not adaptive behaviors in these contexts is a major issue not only in terms of health and well-being but also in terms of performance optimization.Literature findingsThis literature review is based specifically on the studies in the fields of sport and education psychology.DiscussionThe specific features and common points of these contexts, the specific coping strategies, their antecedents and their outcomes as well as the methodological limitations and existing designs are highlighted.ConclusionPromising research perspectives are discussed to study coping in sport and academic contexts.     

Les bases du développement de la psychologie communautaire en Europe

Community psychology was born in the USA during the sixties, in a context of poverty, social reforms and deinstitutionalisation. In Europe, because of government policies (dictatorships in Spain, Portugal…) and the orientation of Psychology Institutes, community psychology developed lately. On the other hand, there has been for a long time experiments of alternative care to the hospitalization which are based on the same principles (the experiment of Basaglia in Italy, the district policy in France…). Since the eighties, there are also much more courses in European universities. Finally, the creation of the European Network Community Psychology (ENCP) in 2005 illustrates the expansion of community psychology in Europe. In this article, we will reexamine the various medical and social policies in Italy, in France, in the United Kingdom, and in the other countries of Europe which supported the establishment of Community Psychology.