INTERLOCUTION,PERCEPTION, AND MEMORY

Philosophical Studies -     

脑损害时的视知觉和视觉记忆障碍

用复杂图形对82例脑瘤或脑血管畸形患者进行了测查,发现脑损害患者临摹复杂图形时易于发生一些在正常人中没有或极少见的错误,如片断性感知、空间相对位置错误和空间位置估计错误等。片断性感知以左脑中后部病变时较多见,空间相对位置错误以右脑中后部病变时较多见。空间位置估计错误与定侧关系不大,但以大脑中后部病变时较多见。 在回忆复杂图形时脑损害患者在细节遗漏和移位等方面在程度上比正常人更严重,有部分患者还表现为只回忆出部分细节而无图形轮廓的现象。这种现象在正常人中未曾出现。     

EARLY CORTICAL INFLUENCES IN OBJECT SEGREGATION AND THE PERCEPTION OF SURFACE LIGHTNESS

Abstract— The apparent brightness of a surface is profoundly influenced by the brightness of an adjacent surface., but these contrast effects are reduced when the surface are perceived as separate three-dimensional entities. Previous work has suggested that high-level perceptual and cognitive processes involved in scence segmentation may be responsible for modifying a surface's appearance. We demonstrate large reductions in contrast effects when the sues available for segmentations are restricted to those that isolate separate groups of early cortical neurons in the visual system. Our data contradict standard contract-signaling models of brightness perception and imply that mechanisms of figure-ground segmentation are already available at low levels of visual processing.     

中,美耳聋儿童的视知觉和记忆

在本研究中,中美两国8—14岁的耳聋儿童先临摹雷—奥复杂图形(ROCF),然后凭记忆再绘出来。x~2检验和H 检验表明,被试的年龄是影响测验结果的最重要的变量。通过对中、美两国儿童得分的比较分析,一般说来,在较小的年龄阶段,美国儿童显示出较复杂的信息处理能力,而中国儿童绘图往往更精确。这些差异可能是由教育和早期语言训练造成的。     

身体倾斜与倒置时的距离知觉

问題 19世紀末,奥伯特(H. Aubert)发現在暗室中观察者的头向一侧傾斜时,将一根綫条調整成为垂直,会出現一定的誤差(Aubert現象)。繆勒(G. E. Müller)后来发現,在头傾斜的时候,原来垂直的綫条看来向相反的方向傾斜(E-現象)。此后,蔡馬克(A. Tschermak)、舒伯特(G. Schubert)进一步观察到,整个身体傾斜时,也会出現垂直判断的誤差。自     

SELECTIVE ATTENTION IN VISUAL PERCEPTION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY; 'STIMULUS' SET VERSUS 'RESPONSE' SET

S chioldborg P. Selective attention in visual perception and short-term memory; 'stimulus' set versus 'response' set. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 172–177.—The identification time of letters or digits, as selected from a mixed array of both, was longer when selection was based on the class concept Letter or Digit ('response' set) than when based on the color or position of the items ('stimulus' set). The difference is assumed to reflect variations in the momentary attention level of the selected items, thereby affecting the amount of information processed per unit time. Retrieval of information from short-term memory appeared to be independent of type of selection, suggesting that information processing in STM includes conceptual analysis.     

THE PERCEPTION OF A VISUAL SHAPE AND OF ITS FRAME-SURFACE DURING CONTINUOUS TRANSFORMATION

The procedure differed from that of traditional shape constancy experiments in that cues for the slant of the total frame-surface containing the main figure, a shadow rectangle, were given. The impression of slant was determined by gradients of continuous perspective transformations caused by movable elastic material casting its shadow on a translucent screen. The following hypothesis was confirmed: the tendency to see a shape in its original proportions (i.e., those it has when shown in a frontal-parallel orientation) increases with the increasingly strong impression of the slant of its plane surface.     

婴儿客体永久性发展机制的研究

客体永久性是婴儿早期发展中一项重要的心理能力,本研究以２０８名８－１１个月的婴儿为被试,采用实验法和访谈法探讨了婴儿客体永久性的发展机制及其发展趋势问题。结果表明：１）我国婴儿的爬行与其客体永久性的发展无直接关系,支持了爬行对婴儿客体永久性发展的作用可能来自爬行经验而不是爬行动作的假设：２）我国婴儿的客体永久性随年龄增长而持续发展,提示爬行并不是客体永久性发展的唯一途径,爬行不能发挥作用时,婴儿的客体永久性可以通过其它途径得到发展;３）在８－１１个月间,我国婴儿的客体永久性达到了阶段Ⅳ水平,８个月的婴儿已经具备了初步的客体永久性。从发展速度来看,婴儿的客体永久性在８、９个月间发展较为迅速,出现了显著的发展性变化,在９－１１个月间没有显著的差异。     

VALUE AND SIZE PERCEPTION

A detailed review is presented of studies related to the accentuation hypothesis of Bruner & Goodman (1947). It is found that the results from (1) coin studies, (2) symbol studies, and (3) other studies are conflicting and do not substantiate the hypothesis. Through an analysis of this hypothesis and a specification of the concept of perception, the various designs are found to be inadequate for demonstrating perceptual accentuation of size. The hypothesis is forwarded that value asserts an influence upon imaginary processes related to the experience of size.     

超常与常态儿童记忆和记忆组织的比较研究

本实验以超常儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁2个月)和常态儿童(20名,平均年龄为11岁3个月)为被试,以数字和图形为实验材料对超常儿童和常态儿童的记忆和记忆组织特点和差异作了初步的比较研究。结果是;(1)超常儿童不仅在回忆量上比常态儿童优异,更主要的是在记忆速度和记忆组织上比常态儿童发展得更好;(2)儿童的记忆与记忆组织有密切相关,尤其是记忆速度与记忆组织之间有显著相关;(3)实验表明同时使用回忆量和记忆速度作为记忆成绩的指标更为合适,能更好地说明儿童记忆的特点。     

一日龄小鸡的不同记忆阶段中Jun样蛋白在脑内HV和LPO的表达

以一日龄小鸡为研究对象,采用一次性动回避反应试验和免疫组织化学结合的方法,选择六个时间点对Ｊｕｎ样蛋白在小鸡左右侧脑内ＨＶ和ＬＰＯ两部位的表进行了探讨。     

交变图和视觉感知

本文提出交变图(Ambiguous Figures)产生原因的一种看法。根据一些实验观察,表明视觉系统具有识别图形拓扑性质(如连通性)的自发的功能。包括图形-背景关系在内的许多视觉感知现象只不过是这种功能的反映。视觉感知的组织(Organization)的数学结构是建立在容限空间上的,所以,象交变图那样的特殊图形,它们的拓扑性质出现矛盾的两种可能性,因此产生交变的感知。     

连读变调与声调知觉

声调连读时出现变调。这一音系学规律可能给声调知觉以某种制约。10名被试参加了对声调从第二声逐步变向第三声的两组单音节连续体和双音节连续体作辨认的心理物理实验。两组的实验结果一致:双音节第二和第三声的音位界线对比单音节的这一界线,都向第二声移动。这证实了上述制约的存在。     

成就动机与机会-威胁认知

采用问卷法探讨 3类变量即成就动机、风险情景中的冒险倾向以及对风险情景的机会 -威胁认知的关系。结果发现相对争取成功动机而言 ,回避失败动机对预测个体的机会 -威胁认知状况更为敏感 ;研究也显示 ,高成就动机组是以强烈的争取成功的倾向导致其对机会的积极认知 ;低成就动机组则是以对失败回避的趋力强化了威胁认知。个体在风险情景中的行为倾向与认知反应显得更为复杂。首先 ,框架效应不是普遍但的确存在于某类风险情景中 ,方差分析证实风险情景与框架间的交互作用达到显著性水平 ,这说明被试保守倾向的反应受到情景与框架效应的交互影响 ;其次 ,风险情景即“获益”和“损失”极大地影响着被试的风险反应模式     

SIMULTANEOUS AND RETROSPECTIVE PERSON PERCEPTION

The subjects were shown a silent motion picture and asked to describe simultaneously what they saw. They were then requested to give a retrospective account of the same film. Comparisons of these reports indicated that the simultaneous verbalizations yielded more information about the subjects' perception of other persons' feelings and momentary states. It is proposed that clinical diagnostics should include data on immediate person perception as well as retrospective accounts.     

塞辅音和声调知觉问题

本文报告的两个实验以合成的汉语普通话CV音节作刺激,研究了塞辅音与声调之间在知觉上的相互作用问题。主要结果是:(1)塞辅音的发音方式影响声调的知觉,不送气音使听者在辨别声调时倾向于基频曲线起点高的声调反应;(2)音节的声调也影响对塞音发音方式的判断,在一、四声音节里,听者倾向于将塞辅音听成不送气音,在二、三声音节里,听成送气音。