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We examined sex differences in the prevalence, incidence, reasons for, and consequences of infidelity. Participants (Study
1, 543 undergraduates in the Northwestern US; Study 2, 313 undergraduates and 233 community members in the Mid-Atlantic US),
reported on infidelity by questionnaire. Using a broad definition of cheating, women reported being as unfaithful or more
unfaithful than men. Men were more suspicious about cheating and more likely to discover the cheating than women. Women were
more likely to break up with their partners, to begin new relationships after cheating, and to report reasons for cheating
that may indicate a desire to switch long-term mates, such as being unhappy in the current relationship. Results are discussed
in the context of evolutionary theory. 相似文献
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论个体差异与诊疗决策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
刘虹 《医学与哲学(人文社会医学版)》2009,30(2):1-3
诊疗决策最优化的过程,本质上是针对特定的患者,制定最适合其个体差异的决策过程.对个体差异认知方式,经验医学基于对个体的不完全归纳,循证医学基于对群体随机、双盲、对照、大样本,人类基因组学基于对人类基因的差异表达、单核苷酸多态和复制变异的研究.最优化的治疗方案应体现关注患者心理、社会差异、关注生命质量、远离趋利性等人文特征;体现针对个体病患生物学特性差异、个体病程病期和个体最佳疗效差异等科学特征. 相似文献
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The limited empirical evidence on sickness absence among immigrants indicates that non-Western immigrants have a higher incidence of sickness-related absence than natives. The purpose of this article is to examine whether health is a contributing factor to the immigrant-native sickness absence gap. The present article makes use of two data sources: register data (FD-trygd) with labour market and long-term sickness absence information linked to a cross-section questionnaire survey on health: The Oslo Health Study, which was conducted in 2000–2001 (N?=?14,114). The findings in this article show that non-Western immigrants have a higher incidence of long-term sickness absence than natives. For both women and men, the differences in long-term sickness absence between non-Western immigrants and natives can be explained by poorer self-reported health among immigrants. 相似文献
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Groups typically express more confidence than individuals, yet how individual‐level confidence combines during collaborative decision tasks is not well understood. We prescreened 686 community members using a novel confidence measure (a true/false trivia test) intentionally designed to be difficult (accuracy rates were not significantly better than chance) and randomly assigned 72 individuals to collaborate on a matched version of the same test in dyads composed of two low‐confidence individuals, two high‐confidence individuals, or one of each (“mixed”). Consistent with past research, we found that the confidence expressed by dyads was higher than the confidence expressed by individuals; importantly, however, this pattern varied markedly by dyad type, with low‐confidence dyads showing the largest increase, mixed dyads showing a moderate increase, and high‐confidence dyads showing no increase—despite the fact that all dyads showed similarly low accuracy (about 55%). These results highlight the conditions under which groups express greater confidence than individuals and offer insights for the composition of collaborative decision‐making teams. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Gerry Pallier Rebecca Wilkinson Vanessa Danthiir Sabina Kleitman Goran Knezevic Lazar Stankov 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(3):257-299
Generally, self-assessment of accuracy in the cognitive domain produces overconfidence, whereas self-assessment of visual perceptual judgments results in under-confidence. Despite contrary empirical evidence, in models attempting to explain those phenomena, individual differences have often been disregarded. The authors report on 2 studies in which that shortcoming was addressed. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 520) completed a large number of cognitive-ability tests. Results indicated that individual differences provide a meaningful source of overconfidence and that a metacognitive trait might mediate that effect. In further analysis, there was only a relatively small correlation between test accuracy and confidence bias. In Experiment 2 (N = 107 participants), both perceptual and cognitive ability tests were included, along with measures of personality. Results again indicated the presence of a confidence factor that transcended the nature of the testing vehicle. Furthermore, a small relationship was found between that factor and some self-reported personality measures. Thus, personality traits and cognitive ability appeared to play only a small role in determining the accuracy of self-assessment. Collectively, the present results suggest that there are multiple causes of miscalibration, which current models of over- and underconfidence fail to encompass. 相似文献
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Tommy M. Phillips 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2008,27(3):205-215
The Identity Style Inventory–Revised for a Sixth-Grade Reading Level (ISI-6G) was administered to samples of community college
students (N = 99) and middle school and high school students (N = 320). Tests of between-groups differences indicated that the college sample had a significantly lower mean diffuse-avoidant
score on the ISI-6G than the middle and high school sample. In terms of actual assignment to identity styles, college students
were significantly more likely to be classified as informational or normative, while the younger students were more likely
to be diffuse-avoidant. The mean ages of participants for each of the three identity styles were compared, and it was found
that diffuse-avoidant participants had the lowest mean age (15.54 years), while individuals with an informational orientation
had the highest mean age (17.20 years). Results suggest that, in general, identity style evolves with age and maturity and
the general trajectory or progression involves movement away from a diffuse-avoidant orientation. Findings are discussed in
terms of current knowledge of neurocognitive development during adolescence and early adulthood. 相似文献
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《Cognitive development》1999,14(3):381-399
Past research indicates that parents show distinct differences in style while reminiscing with their preschool children; across families, both fathers and mothers tend to be more elaborative (i.e., provide more contextual support) with daughters than with sons. Further, these differences in style are related to children's performance in such conversations. This study examines within-family similarity in maternal style and the relations between maternal style and child gender and temperament. Mothers from 16 families, each with one male and one female child aged 3 and 5 years, participated individually in memory conversations. Results indicated that mothers showed similar use of elaborations across children but used more repetitions and evaluations in conversations with younger children. Contrary to previous research, maternal style was not related to child gender; however, relations were found between child temperament and maternal style. Results are discussed in relation to the social interaction model of autobiographical memory. 相似文献
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以小学六年级思考型和冲动型儿童各32名为被试,通过考查儿童在完成不同难度拼图任务时的表现,探讨不同认知风格儿童在问题解决中认知活动和元认知活动的差异。结果发现:(1)在线与离线元认知监控均表现出认知风格与任务难度的交互作用。在简单和中等任务中,思考型的儿童运用更多的在线元认知监控,进行计划和检查的时间更长。离线元认知监控的差异只表现在简单任务中,思考型比冲动型儿童花费更多的时间进行预测和评价;(2)在问题解决结果上,认知风格不同的儿童完成任务的时间没有显著差异;(3)在问题解决过程中,冲动型儿童解决问题的操作步数多于思考型儿童;冲动型儿童更多地使用主体参照策略,而思考型儿童更多使用线索推断策略。 相似文献
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Males and females, subdivided into contrasting groups on the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style (RIRS), completed semantic differentials using themselves and their own art productions as the objects rated. Analysis was made of the relationship between sex and verbal style, and a scale checking style (use of end points versus use of intermediate points) believed to reflect a dimension of rapid, extreme decisions versus careful consideration of nuances. Results showed that males characterized by rich and fluid verbal processes tended toward cautious ratings (use of intermediate points) while females who were verbally free exhibited more extreme ratings (use of end points). It is concluded that a test variable may have different predictive significance in males and females, even though there is no sex difference in the magnitudes of the variables involved. There may be sex differences in the organization of cognitive processes. 相似文献
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Response Style Theory [S. Nolen-Hoeksema (1987) “Sex Differences in Unipolar Depression: Evidence and Theory,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 101, pp. 259–282] suggests that, when depressed, women ruminate on their sad feelings while men distract themselves from theirs. We sought to examine this gender difference in more detail. In Study 1, 155 students provided stereotype ratings or self-reports of responses to depression. The stereotype ratings conformed precisely to Response Style Theory yet exaggerated self-reported gender differences, especially for men. In Study 2, 40 roommate pairs completed a similar set of ratings. Again, other-ratings conformed exactly to Response Style Theory's predictions while self-ratings showed a more moderated pattern. In both studies, women reported ruminating more than did men, yet men and women were equally likely to report distraction. We conclude by examining several hypotheses for the discrepancies between stereotypes and self-reports for men as well as the increased rates of rumination among women. 相似文献
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本研究从文化--社会神经科学的角度出发,采用事件相关电位的方法来探究不同文化背景下的个体对具有进化和社会文化代表性的正性刺激—奖赏刺激的脑电反应特征是否具有差异。本研究采用the Door Task实验范式考察了26名中国人和24名高加索白人对不同反馈反应的脑电特征跨文化差异。结果显示,负性反馈条件下诱发的FRN平均波幅比正性反馈条件诱发的平均脑电波幅更负,这种正负反馈的波幅差异只在中国被试中有体现。在P3成分上,在正性反馈条件下,中国被试诱发的脑电波幅大于西方被试,负性反馈条件下,两组无显著差异。研究结果表明,相对于西方被试,中国被试对奖赏反馈刺激可能具有较高的敏感性。这说明中西方文化下的个体对正负性反馈刺激的加工的脑电反应特征存在显著的差异。 相似文献
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Tracy R. G. Gladstone Nadine J. Kaslow John R. Seeley Peter M. Lewinsohn 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(4):297-306
This study examined attributional style, sex, and depressive symptoms and diagnosis in high school students. The results revealed that (1) for females and males, higher levels of depressive symptoms correlated with a more depressive attributional style; (2) females and males who met diagnostic criteria for a current depressive disorder evidenced more depres-sogenic attributions than psychiatric controls, and never and past depressed adolescents; (3) although no sex differences in terms of attributional patterns for positive events, negative events, or for positive and negative events combined emerged, sex differences were revealed on a number of dimensional scores; (4) across the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) subscale and dimensional scores, the relation between attributions and current self-reported depressive symptoms was stronger for females than males; and (5) no Sex × Diagnostic Group Status interaction effects emerged for CASQ subscale or dimensional scores. Implications of the complex findings from this large-scale, methodologically sophisticated study are addressed. 相似文献
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Randolph Stephenson André Marchand Marie-Christine Lavallée 《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2013,42(2):58-69
The first objective of this study is to present different aspects of the reliability and validity of the Canadian French adaptation of the Agoraphobic Cognition Questionnaire (ACQ). A second objective is to determine the dimensionality of the Canadian French version (ACQ-FC) in comparison to the factorial solutions uncovered in the American and Dutch versions. The third objective is to present gender differences in the agoraphobic group. Results suggest that the ACQ-FC and ACQ have similar internal consistency, temporal stability, construct validity, and discriminative validity. The ACQ-FC uncovers a two-factor model, which is similar to the American and Dutch models. As such, the ACQ-FC shows cross-cultural validity with the ACQ. This study demonstrates that the multidimensional construct is not culturally bound. 相似文献
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Response Style Differences in the Inattentive and Combined Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Derefinko KJ Adams ZW Milich R Fillmore MT Lorch EP Lynam DR 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(5):745-758
This study examined potential differences between the inattentive and combined ADHD subtypes using laboratory tasks assessing behavioral inhibitory processes. Seventy-five children completed two tasks of behavioral inhibition believed to isolate different processes: the cued reaction time task (CRT), a basic inhibition task, and the go/no-go task (GNG), a complex inhibition task that incorporates motivational contingencies. Three groups of participants were identified, including ADHD/Inattentive (n = 17), ADHD/Combined (n = 37), and comparison (n = 21). Results indicated that rather than showing behavioral inhibition deficits, the ADHD/I children appeared overly inhibited, as evidenced by slower reaction times across the two tasks and significantly higher errors of omission in the GNG task. Additionally, the ADHD/I children did not demonstrate cue dependency effects on the CRT task, suggesting that they were failing to incorporate relevant information before making a response. The sluggish and inhibited performance of the ADHD/I group challenges the idea that it is a subtype of ADHD. 相似文献