Further notes on differences between percentages

In certain problems dealing with percentage differences, it frequently happens that one is interested in a critical value different from zero rather than in the usual hypothesis of no population difference. Moreover, one may be concerned with differences greater than (or less than) a given magnitude, so that only one tail of the distribution of chance values is used. Tables are here presented to facilitate evaluating results of such problems. One per cent and 5 per cent values can be read from the tables, such values corresponding to the more usual 2 per cent and 10 per cent confidence limits.     

Counselors and legislators: a case history

Recent Florida legislation provides for the training and use of paraprofessionals in guidance. The impetus for this legislation came from the legislators and vocational educators, rather than from the guidance profession. The official reasons given for the enactment of this legislation were especially critical of counselor education. The primary concern was that adequate vocational guidance is not being provided to youth in or out of school. This article discusses the preliminary hearings, content of the laws, and guidelines for implementing this legislation.     

The ego in Lucy R: notes on conflict in one of Freud's first cases

This paper focuses on Freud's discussion of the case of 'Lucy R' presented in Studies on Hysteria (Breuer and Freud, 1895). It is possible to see here a notion of the 'ego' being employed by Freud many years before the 1920 'turning point' in his work, and an account of the ego as a 'dominant mass of ideas' is used to explain how psychical conflicts for his patient are transformed into physical symptoms. The image of the ego defending itself against an 'incompatible' idea structures Freud's own account, and it also structures recent critical commentaries on Freud's work from within feminist writing and studies of rhetoric. Some consequences for present-day psychodynamic practice are reviewed in the course of the discussion.     

Severe disturbance or trauma-induced adaptive reaction: a Rorschach child case study

In interpreting children's Rorschachs, it is often difficult to discriminate between a severe disturbance and an adaptive reaction to a trauma. To explore this difficult differential diagnostic issue, a child was tested three times. It was suggested that complexity, references to the trauma, and evidence of psychological disturbance are associated with an attempt to master the trauma. Rorschach data were presented and were found to be consistent with these speculations. The author concluded that such "openness" to an environmental stress may allow an adaptive reaction and that understanding Rorschach data in context helps to reduce ambiguity and to recognize the test's limitations.     

Trends in research on the Rorschach: Review and recommendations

Meta-analyses have shown that the Rorschach and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) have roughly equivalent psychometric properties. Assessment continues to be stressed in psychological training, and the Rorschach continues to be emphasized in courses on assessment. The most frequently used test battery includes the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised or Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, the MMPI, and projective devices such as the Rorschach or Thematic Apperception Test. A survey of the literature from 1983 to 1991 showed that research on the Rorschach concerns mainly issues of formal diagnosis and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instrument. Such research does not evaluate the Rorschach as it is usually employed to arrive at decision about individuals. More appropriate research models are recommended, in which Rorschach data are added to or deleted from other assessment information in order to evaluate the influence of the inclusion of the Rorschach on judgments made by competent clinicians about relevant issues in individual cases.     

Clinical notes on a case of transvestism in a child

This clinical presentation describes the therapeutic process of a 5-year-old male child presenting as a main symptom quasi-delusional feminine enactments starting at an early age, which persisted for most of his five-year treatment. This symptom was understood in terms of an attempt at restitution, itself the result of being confronted with an autistic structure stemming from a series of traumatic incidents during the oral phase: his mother's pregnancy, abortion, depression and subsequent three-month absence at the end of his first year of life. The clinical material, drawings included, illustrates the interplay of oral, anal and phallic levels, with enactment predominant in sessions. The oral traumatic situation initially led to anal-manic play, then to quasi-delusional female personifications in sessions, later surfacing as an annihilating 'black hole'. All the above issued into a broad enacted phallic-genital unfolding that dramatised an oral-genital primal scene, in the course of which he managed to structure his male identity. Near the end of the analytic process the analysand reworked the 'stages' of the link to the analyst. To end, based on the clinical material, the respective participation of the early and the late Oedipus complex is examined.     

颜真卿记录的道教史迹

颜真卿作为一位书法家 ,他的文集中保留了许多宗教史料 ,值得后人重视。陈垣先生的《道家金石略》收录了颜真卿四篇碑记 ,其中《桥仙观碑》即《颜鲁公集》的《华盖山王郭二真坛碑铭》。但是 ,陈垣先生和《道家金石略》补编者并没有检阅《颜鲁公集》 ,所以仍然有几篇道教碑记没有能收入。这些碑记是 :《东方先生画赞碑阴记》、《华岳庙题名》、《晋紫虚元君领上真司命南岳夫人魏夫人仙坛碑铭》、《浪迹先生玄真子张志和碑铭》。这些碑记有些是非常重要的 ,如魏夫人和张志和碑记 ,有些则反映了唐代某些地区的道教信仰。《东方先生画赞碑阴记》…     

An alaryngeal stutterer: A case history

This case study describes an individual who as a stutterer underwent a total laryngectomy and right hemithyroidectomy. Following the Doehler method of esophageal voice training, the client continued to exhibit dysfluent speech behaviors. The Iowa “Stutterer's Self-Rating of Reactions to Speech Situations” and the “Checklist of Stuttering Behaviors” were used to ascertain whether the stuttering behaviors had changed and to what degree.     

On Magari's concept of general calculus: notes on the history of tarski's methodology of deductive sciences

This paper is an historical study of Tarski's methodology of deductive sciences (in which a logic S is identified with an operator Cn _S , called the consequence operator, on a given set of expressions), from its appearance in 1930 to the end of the 1970s, focusing on the work done in the field by Roberto Magari, Piero Mangani and by some of their pupils between 1965 and 1974, and comparing it with the results achieved by Tarski and the Polish school (?o?, Suszko, S?upecki, Pogorzelski, Wójcicki). In the last section of the paper we will then compare these works with some recent developments in algebraic logic: this will lead to a better understanding of the results of the methodology of deductive science, but at the same time will show some intrinsic limits to such an approach to logic.

Even if Magari's work on diagonizable algebras and universal algebra and Mangani's axiomatization of MV-algebras and results in model theory are rather famous, the articles on closure operators, published in the 1960s, are almost totally unknown outside Italy (mainly because of a linguistic limitation, the papers we analyse having been written and published in Italian). This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature and to enable the international community to get acquainted with this part of Italian logic. The same applies to some works published in Barcelona (in Catalan) at the end of the 1970s, analysed in the last section.