Responsabilité Sociale, Gestion de la Diversité et Lutte Contre les Discriminations: Des Perspectives Convergentes

Signatory States of international agreements have to report regularly to international bodies on the measures and monitoring they apply to comply with and enforce their commitments on human rights and the fight against racism and discrimination. All the same, national governments do not always adequately assess the prevailing measures and practices in organisations in all sectors of society within their jurisdiction. This article discusses the accountability and social responsibility of organisations in terms of non-discrimination, which are rarely questioned despite legal obligations to comply with charters and legislation on employment equality and equity, as in Canada. The issue of the current effectiveness of rights, which underlines the legitimacy and “ethics” of institutions, companies and governments, requires that obligation in the strict legal sense fits in with a broader and normative perspective, approach and discussion. Today, this issue is prominent at both national and international levels in the social and scientific debate on “citizen companies”, indicators of respect for human rights, social and environmental reports, “ethical” investments, diversity management, equity and access to equality, and the fight against systemic discrimination.     

Comment les parents,les enseignants et les cliniciens évaluent les troubles du comportement externalisé du jeune enfant ? Étude de la variabilité des jugements évaluatifs et de son impact sur le développement de l’enfant

Present study aims at refining assessment of preschoolers’ behavior. Data was provided with questionnaires and observation on 118 preschoolers when recruited and 12 months later by their parents, their teachers and clinicians. The results confirmed high variations in informants’ ratings as well as negative effects of such variations regarding later child's development. The results imply the need for a multi-informant and multi-method assessment of preschoolers’ disruptive behavior. The implications of our findings for clinical purpose are discussed.     

Influences professionnelles et personnelles du climat scolaire chez les enseignants et les élèves

This research was designed to assess the impact of the school climate on teachers’ and pupils’ stress, satisfaction, violence perceptions, and physical health. Data were obtained by mean of a questionnaire which was responded by 59 teachers and 316 pupils from two Swiss high schools. The results shown that school climate predicts for teachers and pupils higher satisfaction, and lower violence perceptions. Moreover, for schoolboys and schoolgirls, a good school climate predicts lower level of stress and better school results. These data suggest that the atmosphere of a school plays a crucial role for teachers’ and pupils’ professional and personal attitudes.     

Prévenir et agir sur les problèmes de santé au travail : les services de santé au travail à la croisée des chemins

This article presents an ongoing research regarding work-related health issues as they are perceived and identified by professionals practicing in occupational health services. The study is based on interviews with occupational doctors, nurses, technicians in prevention of occupational hazards and assistants, employed in two general services. The article starts with an overview of the recent changes in the workplace and in the practicing conditions of the professionals in the services. It then analyses the types of issues they identify among the employees they have in charge. Finally, the article examines the actions that can be done by the services, and the limitations of these actions. The professionals appear to be negotiating with various strains.     

Stress perçu et santé physique des doctorants dans les universités françaises

Few studies have focused on PhD students in France despite the fact that this population appears to be particularly vulnerable to stress and often faces precariousness. This research investigated associations between socio-demographic factors, health behaviours, perceived stress and physical health in a wide sample of PhD students (n = 1923) in order to have a better understanding of this population's specificities. Our results indicated that stress is a critical issue among PhD candidates. Predictors of perceived stress were: gender, age, satisfaction with supervision, sleep quality and sports practice. Findings from this study confirm the relevance of the transactional model to investigate students’ health issues and suggest that physical activity and stress management should be encouraged through health promotion programs.     

Perception de justice organisationnelle et comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle chez les salariés du secteur public gabonais

Numerous studies carried out in northern countries have shown a positive link between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviours. There are no data from the countries of the South. The purpose of this article is to remedy this. Our hypothesis is that employees’ citizenship behaviours depend on how they perceive organizational justice. 160 men and women, executives and subordinates in a Gabonese public company, answered a questionnaire of 39 items: items of the organizational justice scale of Colquitt (2001) and items of the organizational citizenship scale of Charbonnier, Silva, and Roussel (2007). It is observed that different forms of justice influence organizational citizenship behaviours.     

Authenticité et bien-être au travail : une invitation à mieux comprendre les rapports entre le soi et son environnement de travail

The present literature review on authenticity and well-being at work sought to define the concept of authenticity and discuss the influence of authenticity on workers’ well-being. First, two views on authenticity are emerging from the literature review: interpersonal authenticity and intrapersonal authenticity. Second, well-being at work is defined, followed by a definition of well-being according to two philosophical views: hedonism and eudemonia. Goldman and Kernis’ model (2002), comprised of cognitive and behavioural dimensions, is presented. Some results supporting the relationship between authenticity and well-being are described. Limits and practical implications are discussed.     

Soutiens,sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et interface travail-famille : une étude chez les professionnels de soins

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of organizational and family supports and self-efficacy on the work-family interface among health care workers. Structural equation modeling results based on data from 370 health care workers show that (1) family support allows the development of family-work and work-family enrichment and the prevention of family-work conflict, (2) the self-efficacy prevents the development of family-work conflict but promotes, at the same time, the development of work-family and family-work enrichments.     

Le travail nomade,médiatisé et informel : influence de l’approbation sociale perçue et effets sur les addictions au travail et à Internet

Our study aims to clarify the nature of relationships between the social approval coming from personal surroundings, the mediatized and informal nomadic work modes and addictions to work (workaholism) and Internet. Many studies have showed the fact that workers adapt their working hours or workplaces when their relatives disapprove distant work practices. Other studies highlight the risk for health generated by mediatized and distant work. Data collected from a sample of 231 French workers in nomadic, mediatized and informal work situations indicate that perceived social approval significantly influences the modalities of these situations, which in turn affect the levels of work and technology addiction.     

La représentation des causes de l’état de santé par les infirmiers et les points de vue envisagés des patients et des aidants naturels : une approche socionormative

This study examines the representation of the determining factors of patients’ states of health in therapeutic care situations. We describe the average representation of experienced hospital nurses (n=44) and the differences which they consider to exist between their own and their patients’ points of view. Taking as our starting point the purpose of the care provided and the asymmetry of the carer/patient relationship, we hypothesize, on the one hand, that nurses will have a representation of their patients’ state of health which is based on the care to be provided, with the factors determining the state of health being necessarily perceived as having a general impact on patients’ lives while still being remediable, i.e. capable of changing and being controlled by the provided care. On the other hand, we expect them to attribute a passive position and attitude to their patients, with the factors determining their state of health being necessarily perceived as being out of their own control. The results and the analysis of the representations reported as being those of the patients and their families seem to justify this perception and role of carer: the supposed representations of the latter would appear to be convergent but less focused on health problems and would tend to minimize the patient’s involvement, in particular when the state of health declines. The results are discussed with reference to the Health Belief Model and the social norm of internality as well as the professional practices observed in hospital environments.     

Étude des liens entre la fréquence de pratique sportive et la santé des étudiants : mesure des effets de genre sur les troubles alimentaires et les consommations de substances

A number of previous studies have focused on the effect of sport practice on eating disorders and substance use. Most of these studies suggest that among students sport practice is related to low levels of health issues like eating disorders and substance use. However, there is a relative dearth of evidence for these relationships and previous findings are based on comparisons between people involved in sport practice and physical activity and sedentary or largely inactive people. The present study aims to test the effects of frequency of sport practice on college students’ eating disorders and substance use when also controlling for gender effects.MethodsOne thousand and seventy-three first year college students (35.6% boys, 64.4% girls) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were divided into three groups according to the frequency of their sport practice: students who rarely participated in sport practice (less than one hour a week and not every week; 406 students, 26.4% boys vs 73.6% girls), students who frequently participated in sport practice (every week but less than eight hours a week; 173 students, 33.5% boys vs 66.5% girls), and students who had intensive sport practice (eight hours a week or more; 494 students, 43.9% boys vs 56.1% girls). Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were assessed using the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). Three different categories of eating disorders (Dieting, Bulimia, Oral control) were assessed using the EAT-26 inventory. ANOVAs were computed to test for gender differences across the three sport practice groups.ResultsResults of univariate ANOVAs revealed main effects for gender and sport practice on some of the substance use and eating disorder variables, ANOVA with multiple comparisons (Tamhan T Test) revealed a significant interaction effect of sport practice and gender on oral control and tobacco use. For girls, oral control and tobacco use do not vary within the three groups of sport practice whereas for boys the more frequent the sport practice, the lower their scores on oral control and tobacco use. For oral control, boys reported significantly higher scores than girls only when sport practice was rare. For tobacco use, boys reported significantly higher scores than girls when sport practice was rare and lower scores when sport practice was intensive.ConclusionThese results suggest that the positive effects of sport practice vary by gender and that the campaigns for promotion of physical activity might assist in the prevention of health issues amongst students but should be adapted according to the gender of the participants.     

Adaptation transculturelle de tests et échelles de mesure psychologiques : guide pratique basé sur les Recommandations de la Commission Internationale des Tests et les Standards de pratique du testing de l’APA

Thirty years ago, Vallerand (1989) wrote a pioneering article entitled “Toward a methodology for the transcultural validation of psychological questionnaires: Implications for research in the French language”, whose success has never failed, as well as its usefulness. However, considerable progress has been made in the field of test development and test adaptation since the publication of this article, notably with the publications (and their updates) of the ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (2017) by the International Test Commission, and of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (2014) by the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Based on these two key references, the present article aimed to update the procedure proposed by Vallerand. Without claiming to replace these major references, on the contrary, our objective here is to propose a 10-step procedure for adapting tests and psychological measures originally developed for other cultures and/or languages, a sort of framework guiding in step-by-step manner the adaptation of tests and the validation of their scores.     

Suicide lié au travail et prévention

Regarding social law, work-related suicide can be qualified as a professional risk, in particular as a work accident. It's the option chosen by case-law. The idea is to compensate: qualifying suicide as a work accident provides a social security compensation to the suicided employee's family and, in certain cases, the possibility to sue the employer. But, this case-law does not really question the prevention of the suicide before its commitment. In Labour law, the employer's obligation to prevent risks must face the risk of work-related suicide.     

Contraintes temporelles et qualité du travail dans l’activité des soignants

This article investigates the relationships between care activity and temporal constrains. The main objective is to understand the constrain effects on care givers activity. It is aimed at understanding the effects of the requirements on care givers activity. A research-action of eighteen month was conducted within a residential establishment for older dependent people and studied the activity of thirty four care givers. Our theoretical frame associates both work clinic and ergonomics. Investigations method combined both observation and interviews. The analysis of the care givers activity shows the effects of the organizational constrains on the activity. The care givers activity focuses on time organization rather than care. Finally, the quality of work is impaired, the work looses its sense and misses its primary objectives.     

Examen empirique sur le caractère multidimensionnel de l’engagement normatif et sur les liens avec les engagements affectif et continu

An empirical study was conduct to french employees sample (N = 215). The aim to the study is to evaluate the multidimensional construct and to explore the relationships with affective and continuance commitment. Our findings support the both hypothesis and suggest that Normative Commitment is a multidimensional construct. The three components are “value sharing”, “moral contract” and “organizational fidelity”. The study found that value attachment has a major influence with affective commitment than continuance commitment. The implications of these results are discussed.