Analyse critique des approches de l’acceptation des technologies : de l’utilisabilité à la symbiose humain-technologie-organisation

This article proposes a criticism of the concept of technology acceptance. Starting from a distinction between operational and social acceptance, the authors present an overview of the concepts and notions associated to the paradigm of technology acceptance. Then, they criticize the paradigm and propose the idea that human and technologies are connected by interactions that are so narrow that one can refer to human-machine symbiosis, as Licklider (1960) suggested. The first part of the paper is devoted to the various ergonomic aspects of the operational acceptance (usability, ergonomic criteria, model of the interaction) while the second part addresses the psychosocial aspects of acceptance (Technology Acceptance Model, User Information Satisfaction Theory, Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory, Agile Organizational Development…). The idea behind the authors’ point of view is that technology must not inevitably be thought of as a foreign thing that the human must accept or refuse. From a metaphorical point of view, technology is more and more part of ourselves and behaves like a symbiont. From the time human and technologies start to form coherent and linked units, the relation between human, technology and organization can be apprehended according to a symbiotic approach which considers that human and technologies are connected by strong dependent relationships. In short, this article proposes to consider that the concept of symbiosis is more capable to explain the relationships of human with technology than the acceptance concept.     

Validation francophone de l’inventaire des facilitateurs de l’apprentissage organisationnel (IFAO) : étude comparative de l’apprentissage perçu au niveau des individus,des groupes et de l’organisation

IntroductionThe Inventory of Organizational Learning Facilitator (IOLF) developed by Barrette, Lemyre, Corneil, and Beauregard (2012) is a self-report inventory assessing the presence of certain facilitators of organizational learning within an organizational environment. However, this scale is in English, limiting its applications with francophone populations.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to create a French version of the Inventory of Organizational Learning Facilitators (IOLF). Furthermore, this study also aimed to verify the metrological qualities as well as the construct validity of the French version of the instrument.MethodThe instrument was translated and verified by expert translators then administered to two distinct samples (francophone and anglophone) each composed of 476 executive's directors working for the federal government's public service. The respondents also completed a three level of perceived learning measures (i.e. individual, group, and organizational).ResultsAnalyses of the factor structure, internal consistency and the pattern of correlations with external variables indicate that the French version converges with the English one.     

Déclaration de l’ITC sur l’utilisation des tests et autres instruments de mesure à des fins de recherche scientifique

This document is intended to promote the belief that test use in research should abide by legal and ethical principles as well as best practice standards and that tests should be used by competent professionals who focus attention on the rights of test-takers and other parties involved in the testing process. Issues discussed in this document highlight these considerations.     

L’influence des composantes du climat de travail sur l’habilitation des individus

The goals of this study consist, on the one hand, to verify the relationship between psychological empowerment and behavioural empowerment, and on the other hand, to verify whether employees’ empowerment may be positively influenced by different components of work climate, including job enrichment, role clarity, coworker support, leaders’ empowering practices, top management's empowering practices, and resources accessibility. This study also aims to test the mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationships between the components of work climate and employees’ behavioural empowerment. The data were collected from 227 employees without managerial responsibilities. Results showed that psychological empowerment may intervene as a mediator between some work climate components (job enrichment, role clarity, and coworker support) and employees’ behavioural empowerment. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

Quelles méthodes et quelle modélisation d’analyse de l’activité de travail de l’encadrement ? L’exemple de l’encadrement des chantiers de la construction

By referring to the ergonomic analysis of work and to the management sciences, the authors propose an analysis model of the managers’ activity. Until then, few researchs were realized in ergonomics science with this population which has to prepare and to organize the works of other operators. According to the authors, it is possible to apply to this population the model of “the centre de décision”. It allows to understand how their activity is determined by “upstream” centres and then how it determines the activity of centres “approval”. Applied to the project and site managers, this model brings solutions to transform their work and the work of the workmen.     

Stress scolaire des collégiens et des lycéens : effet de l’appréhension de l’orientation et de la pression de la note

The aim of this study was to test the predictive effect of two variables related to meritocratic ideology and possibly associated with academic stress: academic orientation related worries and apprehension of school evaluation. Differential effects of these variables on stress were also investigated regarding gender and school (middle-high and high schools). Six hundred and nine secondary students completed a questionnaire. Results show that emotional worries regarding academic orientation and apprehension of school evaluation are significant predictors of academic stress. Results reveal differential effects for middle-high school and high school students. In practice, grading and methods used to this aim should be carefully considered as well as the support offered regarding orientation project of middle-high school students especially.     

Validation française de l’échelle de mesure de l’orthorexie ORTO-15 et étude des liens avec les troubles des conduites alimentaires et l’image du corps

IntroductionAlthough orthorexia is described as a pathological obsession over healthy food, its nature remains unclear. The results of the majority of studies, mainly using the ORTO-15 measurement scale, remain limited to certain countries and cannot be generalized to every culture. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that body image should be included in the orthorexia research, in addition to eating disorders.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to propose a French adaptation of the ORTO-15 measurement scale using the Vallerand's transcultural validation procedure, explore its psychometric properties and the links between orthorexic behvaiour, symptoms of eating disorders and body image.MethodFour hundred and nine young adults (89% female), aged 18 to 25 years, completed the online version of the following scales: ORTO-15, Dunn et al. criteria (2016), the Eating-Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively) were carried out on two randomly split samples and links between different variables were explored using Spearman correlation coefficients.ResultsThe EFA yielded a single-factor 11-items structure explaining 24% of variance. The adjustment indices from the CFA were excellent. The stability of the scale was satisfactory (ICC = 0.71), despite a questionable internal consistency (α = .50). Links with other scales indicated good structural validity.ConclusionORTO-11-Fr presented satisfactory psychometric properties. Further studies are needed for identifying predictors of orthorexia as well as improving its definition and assessment.     

Identification des facteurs de charge mentale de travail des conseillers en centre d’appels à l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs

This article offers a new perspective on the working conditions of teleworkers. Thus, the originality of this study lies in the use and operationalization of the ICA model (Galy, 2017) for the analysis of verbatims and the categorization of factors influencing the quality of work life, based on the realization of semi-structured interviews. The results, on the one hand, validate the reference model in a qualitative way and, on the other hand, show that the individual interpretation of each employee is necessary to be able to categorize the factors influencing each of the dimensions of mental workload. Thus, we propose to add a cognitive evaluation module to the theoretical model, in order to refine the conceptualization of mental workload.     

Évaluation de l’effet d’un programme d’entraînement à l’autogestion des épisodes explosifs chez des enfants atteints du syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette

For children with Tourette syndrome (TS), explosive outbursts (EO) can be more disruptive than tics to the child's functioning. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an innovative cognitive-behavioral intervention for decreasing frequency and intensity of EO. Five boys and one girl ranging in age from 9 to 12 years took part in the study. EO frequency and intensity were measured by systematic observation of events and by questionnaire, while tics and child's psychosocial functioning were measured by questionnaires. The children showed trends towards decreased EO frequency post treatment but no changes in EO intensity. Statistical analysis and questionnaires results revealed no significant change. Qualitative information indicated a benefit to the families following therapy.     

Validation de l’inventaire des facteurs de résilience (IFR-40)

Bekaert, Masclet and Caron's inventory of resilience factors (IRF-40) is a French measurement scale which measures the protection factors combining to bring about resilience in adolescents. This three-dimension measurement instrument has been worked out on the basis of a literary review aiming at identifying all the protection factors reported in the research studies. An exploratory factorial analysis with oblimin rotation carried out on a sample of 299 adolescents enabled to underline the three-dimension structure (familial protection factors: personal protection factors; extra-familial protection factors) including 40 items. The study of the internal consistency reveals high coefficients for the whole scale (0.91) as well as for the different dimensions (0.77 to 0.91). The examination of the convergent validity shows significant correlations with the life satisfaction scale (r = 0.61) and the psychological well-being scale (r = 0.72). As for the temporal stability (n = 73), a measure of 0.92 was obtained. The present research aims at completing the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the IRF-40 on a sample of adolescents. With the intention of bringing to light the structure of the instrument, a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) was carried out on 414 adolescents (average age = 14.96). The analyses carried out approve of the three-dimension structure of the scale. The study of the divergent validity (n = 123) has brought to light a high and significant correlation (r = –0.757) between the IRF-40 and Berndt and Kaiser’ s composite depression scale as well as a significant correlation between the IRF-40 and the under scale of the MDI-C (r varies between –0.294 and –0.563). In addition, the IRF-40 enables to differentiate the adolescents exposed to a traumatism and who have depression scores to those who experience no depression. Indeed, the participants not experiencing depression obtain significantly higher scores on the IRF-40 (U = 282.5; P = 0.001) in comparison with the participants experiencing depression. What is more, it appears that the latter score lower familial protection factors (U = 443.5; P = 0.001), personal protection factors (U = 390; P = 0.001) and extra-familial factors (U = 629; P = 0.001) than those who do not experience depression. As a conclusion, the results of the present study show a very probant image of the psychometric qualities of the IRF-40 and support its use on a population of adolescents.     

L’adaptation transculturelle d’une échelle de mesure Cas de l’échelle des ancres de carrière

The objective of this research is to achieve a transcultural adaptation of a measure scale of professional values, particularly Schein’s (1985) career anchors from a north American context where it has been conceived to an arab-islamic culture, Tunisian’s environment. For this, this research follows a rigorous methodological process, that enable it to establish a new measure scale, offering good psychometric qualities and building up professional values adapted to Tunisian employees.     

Validation de l’adaptation française de l’échelle neuro-affective de personnalité

The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS, Davis, Panksepp, Normansell, 2003) was designed to provide researchers and clinicians with an efficient measure of individual differences on the six factors of normal personality related to six neuronal systems involved into process of affective information that are Play, Seek, Care, Fear, Anger and Sadness systems. Spirituality has been integrated as a seventh dimension representing the most evaluated human emotion. The present article has allowed (a) to introduce the French version of ANPS and (b) to use the French version of ANPS to study the relations between the scores on ANPS to those of French version of Big Five scale. A sample (N = 412 students) completed the 112 items of French version of ANPS. The data obtained from the French study were compared to those of Neuro-Psychoanalysis 5 (2003) 57–69. Factor structure was similar, thus, the French version of ANPS provides an efficient, psychometrically sound way to measure the six personality factors in French samples. The scores on ANPS scale were also positively correlated with those obtained on Big Five scale.     

Un examen empirique de l’intention de quitter des millénariaux à travers diverses dimensions de l’adéquation individu/environnement

The purpose of this paper is to examine the simultaneous effect of three person-environment fit dimensions, namely person-organization fit, person-group fit and person-supervisor fit on the millennials’ intent to leave. Data were collected among a sample of 178 employees born after 1980 working in Quebec organizations from various industries. Results indicate that the three person-environment fit dimensions are linked to intent to leave, but that only person-organization fit has an effect on intent to leave.     

Étude de l’efficience des mécanismes inhibiteurs chez des patients arabophones avec lésions frontales

Our work purpose was to study the impact of focal frontal lesions on the inhibitors processes. We used two arabophone versions of Hayling task and the Stroop task with condition of flexibility. In comparison with 13 control subjects matched by age, gender and level of education, frontal patients were (1) significantly slower in both task without been disproportionately slower in the condition needed inhibition, (2) committed significantly more errors than control subjects in the second part of Hayling task showed inhibition deficit, (3) laterality of frontal lesions had no incidence on performance, (4) individual analysis showed multiples dissociated deficits but also showed correlations between scores of rapidity, flexibility and inhibition. In conclusion, among all of performances, scores of errors in the Stroop and the Hayling tasks seemed to be the more sensitive to the frontal damage. Patients with the lowest performance in both inhibition tasks were those who presented lesions involving both the medial and lateral frontal cortex, the anterior cingulated cortex and/or orbitofrontal cortex.     

Evaluation de la capacité de travail des seniors : l’apport des compétences perçues

The Work Ability Index (Ilmarinen, Tuomi, & Klockars, 1997; Ilmarinen, 2007) is a validated tool extensively used in epidemiological studies to measure older workers work ability. The WAI is relatively focused on health. The VOW/QFT (Hellemans, 2010, 2011, 2013) proposes to expand the notion of work ability with these competences, beyond the issue of functional ability. This contribution aims to test convergences and divergences between the WAI and the two work ability indices of the VOW/QFT, and also their respective predictors. Analyzes, conducted with 254 workers subject to medical visits, have shown especially that WAI scores and evolution of ability scores from the VOW/QFT are highly correlated, generally and among laborers, but not among employees. The results highlight the interest accounting for perceived competence for assessing work capacity among employees.     

La perception parentale de la pratique du bilan psychologique de l’enfant et de l’adolescent

The psychological assessment is a widespread approach in child and adolescent psychology, but few studies have examined the experiences of the main stakeholders during this process. This study was conducted among 105 parents consulting for their child in a psychological counseling centre, and investigated by ad-hoc questionnaires the dimensions that can be involved at different moments of the assessment: expectations and perceptions, motivation for change, working alliance, and satisfaction with care. The results highlight the importance of parents’ initial representations and the quality of first contact with psychologists. This study enhances our understanding of procedural elements little studied and yet determinant for the engagement of parents in the psychological assessment and the intervention that would follow.     

Quelques éléments de comparaison entre les politiques «d’intégration» de l’allemagne, du canada, de la france, de la grande bretagne, de l’italie et des pays-bas

In this article the author compares integration policies in some European countries and Canada. Despite the varying political or ideological wordings and histories all countries reviewed face similar social problems in the integration of migrants. Because public authorities act with pragmatism and without any strict theoretical model, policies are more comparable that one might suppose, although sometimes differences are marked. The article first points out the similarities in the policies of each country. Cultures and languages of origin, migrants’ associations, and unemployment are discussed briefly, as well as trianing of public servants, and struggle against racism, and urban segregation. A second section shows clear distinctions between the countries’ policies in two respects: politicization and relationships between searchers and policy-makers. The author then discusses several initiatives to improve integration using pre-existing programmes in other countries as examples. These include: welcome programmes for new immigrants, preschool programmes, dropout prevention programmes, globally conceived urban projects, as well decentralization of local authority, active local participation, and strong links with research work. The article concludes by supporting the thesis that no efficient integration policy can succeed if it does not strengthen the overall social link.