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一、序论佛教传入中国,之所以能在中国生根,其中有两点常谈论及的原因,特别能显出东晋时代中国佛教的处境与面对的问题:一、东汉末年至东晋的一百多年间,战乱迭起,民不聊生,有利佛教传播;二、儒学与名教在汉末衰落,思想界出现混乱,知识阶层另行摸索人生方向,而归于周易与老庄,玄风兴起,成为佛学生根的契机。以上两点适合佛教成长的因缘,却也相对地引起许多困难。由于乱世的原因,百姓不堪战火的困苦,纷纷奉佛出家,造成僧团芜杂,屡屡成为朝臣、士人攻击佛教的口实。其次,因西晋之亡,南下的贵族增多,抑制了原为江南土著的地方豪族势力,以致造成… 相似文献
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在佛教中国化的过程中,我们不能忽略的一位历史人物便是道安。道安(312-385)是东晋时期一位著名高僧,其一生致力于“佛教中国化”的事业,主要有两大贡献:其一,推动佛教理论上的中国化。道安本着兼容并蓄的文化精神组织整理大批佛教文献,推动了中国翻译学、目录学的发展,并于此基础上将我国本土的儒道二家学说与佛教思想相结合,推动了般若学的兴起;其二,推动佛教僧团组织管理上的中国化。 相似文献
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支遁,字道林,俗姓关,陈留(治所在今开封东南)人,或谓河东林虑(今河南林县)人。生于西晋愍帝建兴二年(314),死于东晋废帝太和元年(366),年53。支遁是东晋一代名僧,被誉为“沙门高土”。他对佛教义理有着独到的见解和贡献,并著有多部著作。现将支遁的佛学思想介绍如下。一、出生和入世,沙门和王化东晋时期,佛教传播迅速,关于僧与俗、教团与朝廷的关系问题,已引起人们的注意,并且在不同场合展开了讨论。在这个问题上,支遁在离开建康回归剡山之前给哀帝的告辞书中明确地表示了自己的态度: 盖沙门之义,法出佛圣,彫纯返朴,绝欲归宗。游虚玄之肆,守内圣之则;佩五戒之贞,毗外王之化。谐无声之乐,以自得为和;笃慈爱之孝,蠕动无伤,衔抚恤之哀,永悼不仁;秉未兆之顺,远 相似文献
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二、佛教的制度 (一)四众弟子佛教徒有四众之分,就是出家男女二众,在家男女二众。出家男众名为“比丘”;出家女众名为“比丘尼”。比丘是梵语(印度古典语),义即乞食,言其乞食以自生活;又有怖魔、破恶、净命等义。尼是梵语中女声。俗称比丘为“僧人”。僧是梵语“僧伽”之略,义为众,凡三比丘以上和合共处称为众(旧译说四比丘以上)。出家制度并不是佛教特有的,印度古代各教派都有出家的规定。其出家者统称为“沙门”(旧称作“桑门”),义为止息一切恶行。印度其他教派既未传入中国,于是沙门也就成为出家佛教徒的专用名称了。世俗也称比丘为“和尚”。和尚是印度的俗语,若用梵文典语则是“邬波驮耶”,义为亲教师,与习俗所称师傅相同。世俗又 相似文献
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慧远大师是我国东晋时期著名的义学高僧,他为佛教的中国化作出了杰出贡献。从东晋时期本土文化对佛教的伦理责难切入,阐释当时慧远大师如何回应、吸收本土文化并在这一过程中促进佛教的中国化进程。 相似文献
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在佛教的信仰中,可以分为两类:一者在家信徒,二者出家僧伽。按照佛教的教义,出家僧伽称为僧宝,是三宝之一,承担住持佛法的重任。出家梵语Pravraiya,音译作波吠你耶。出家乃远离世俗之尘,所以又称为“出尘”;出家必须剃落须发,抛弃俗服,并且穿着坏色衣,所以出家又称“落饰”、“剃发”、“落发染衣”、“剃染”、“落染”。在七众弟子中,除优婆塞与优婆夷二众属在家众外,其余比丘、比丘尼、式叉摩那、沙弥、沙弥尼等五众皆为出家众,称为出家五众。出家,并不是佛教最先发明的,更不是佛教所专有的,在释迦尊尚未降生以前的印度,就有很… 相似文献
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There is an old but powerful argument for the claim that exhaustive divine foreknowledge is incompatible with the freedom to do otherwise. A crucial ingredient in this argument is the principle of the “Fixity of the Past” (FP). A seemingly new response to this argument has emerged, the so-called “dependence response,” which involves, among other things, abandoning FP for an alternative principle, the principle of the “Fixity of the Independent” (FI). This paper presents three arguments for the claim that FI ought to be preferred to FP.
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Two types of matching designs, static and dynamic, are differentiated. While all matching designs are logically the same in terms of the probability model which determines chance level of performance, an attempt is made to demonstrate that there is an interaction between the tactics, strategies, and actual knowledge ofS and the type of design used which will, in turn, lead to different results even whenS's knowledge is held constant. It is suggested that analogous situations may exist within the framework of the traditional psychometric model.The work reported in this paper was supported by a National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Grant (NSF-G15797) to the senior author. The authors are indebted to Joel E. Greene for his advice and criticism. 相似文献
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《Canadian journal of philosophy》2012,42(3):303-321
If practical reasoning deserves its name, its form must be different from that of ordinary (theoretical) reasoning. A few have thought that the conclusion of practical reasoning is an action, rather than a mental state. I argue here that if the conclusion is an action, then so too is one of the premises. You might reason your way from doing one thing to doing another: from browsing journal abstracts to reading a particular journal article. I motivate this by sympathetically re-examining Hume's claim that a conclusion about what ought to be done follows only from an argument one of whose premises is likewise about what ought to be done. 相似文献
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