共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
It is well established that rote rehearsal plays a key role in serial memory for lists of verbal items. Although a great deal
of research has informed us about the nature of verbal rehearsal, much less attention has been devoted to rehearsal in serial
memory for visual-spatial information. By using the dot task—a visual-spatial analogue of the classical verbal serial recall
task—with delayed recall, performance and eyetracking data were recorded in order to establish whether visual-spatial rehearsal
could be evidenced by eye movement. The use of eye movement as a form of rehearsal is detectable (Experiment 1), and it seems
to contribute to serial memory performance over and above rehearsal based on shifts of spatial attention (Experiments 1 and
2). 相似文献
2.
Two functionally distinct forms of recognition memory have been identified in human and nonhuman species—the ability to recollect qualitative information about previous events, and the ability to differentiate between familiar and novel stimuli. Separate dual-process theories have been developed in the animal and human literatures to account for these findings. However, it is not clear whether these theories describe the same two underlying memory processes. On the basis of animal studies of medial temporal lobe function, familiarity is expected to exhibit disproportionately fast forgetting compared with recollection over short retention intervals. We tested this prediction in healthy human subjects by examining recognition forgetting rates across a range of 8–32 intervening items and found significant forgetting in the accuracy of familiarity-based discriminations and no evidence of forgetting in the accuracy of recollection-based discriminations. In agreement with the results from nonhuman species, the present results indicate that item familiarity decreases more rapidly than recollection over short retention intervals. 相似文献
3.
4.
If working memory (WM) depends on a central resource—as is posited in some theories, but not in others—it should be possible
to observe interference between tasks that share few features with each other. We investigated whether interference with WM
for visual arrays would occur, even if the interfering task required neither visual processing nor overt responding. In an
auditory-verbal interfering task, a response was to be made if a word was recognized as having come from one of two prelearned
lists, but not from the other list. As compared with nonretrieval control conditions, even covert verbal memory retrieval
disrupted the storage of visual items held in WM. A second experiment ruled out verbal recoding of the visual arrays as the
basis of interference. The results indicate that visual WM and verbal long-term retrieval share a central resource (e.g.,
attention). 相似文献
5.
6.
Speech—both overt and covert—facilitates working memory by creating and refreshing motor memory traces, allowing new information
to be received and processed. Neuroimaging studies suggest a functional topography within the sub-regions of the cerebellum
that subserve verbal working memory. Medial regions of the anterior cerebellum support overt speech, consistent with other
forms of motor execution such as finger tapping, whereas lateral portions of the superior cerebellum support speech planning
and preparation (e.g., covert speech). The inferior cerebellum is active when information is maintained across a delay, but
activation appears to be independent of speech, lateralized by modality of stimulus presentation, and possibly related to
phonological storage processes. Motor (dorsal) and cognitive (ventral) channels of cerebellar output nuclei can be distinguished
in working memory. Clinical investigations suggest that hyper-activity of cerebellum and disrupted control of inner speech
may contribute to certain psychiatric symptoms. 相似文献
7.
Yen Ying Lim Khic Houy Prang Lucette Cysique Robert H. Pietrzak Peter J. Snyder Paul Maruff 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(4):1190-1200
Verbal memory tests—although important to the neuropsychological assessment of memory—are biased to many cultures. In the
present article, we highlighted the limitations associated with the direct translation of tests and word matching, as well
as the lack of ecological validity and cultural appropriateness when tests developed in one culture are used in another. To
overcome these limitations, a verbal memory paradigm was developed that framed the memory assessment with a shopping-list
format, but that developed culturally specific stimuli for the different language groups. The aim of the present study was
to determine the equivalence of this shopping list memory test in different cultural and language groups. Eighty-three adults
from English-, French-, Malay-, and Chinese-speaking cultures participated in four experiments. The results of all the experiments
indicated that performance of verbal list learning is equivalent, irrespective of the language used. These results support
the use of this methodology for minimizing cross-cultural test bias, and have important implications for testing culturally
and linguistically diverse individuals. 相似文献
8.
Is learning of a complex functional relationship enhanced by trying to predict what output will go with a given input, as
compared to studying an input–output pair? We examined learning of a bilinear function and transfer to new items outside the
trained range. Subjects either saw the input–output pairs (study-only condition) or attempted to guess the output and then
saw the pair (test/study condition). The total study times were equated, and motivation was enhanced with a monetary bonus.
Performance was markedly better for the test/study condition, both within the trained range and in the transfer test. This
benefit of testing during training was observed on a criterial test administered shortly after training. Testing has long
been shown to enhance the explicit learning and retention of verbal material; our present findings reveal a novel domain for
which testing can also be advantageous—that is, function learning. 相似文献
9.
Unhindered Spatial Processing During Route Memorization is Required to Maximize Both Spatial and Verbal Route Knowledge
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied cognitive psychology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
To successfully remember a route in a physical environment, individuals are believed to process and store both verbal and spatial information of that route. The present study tested whether both spatial and verbal contents are necessary to form an effective route memory. For that purpose, route learning was performed in three concurrent task conditions (spatial, verbal and control) and appraised at two moments in time, via three route memory tests (spatial, verbal and spatial–verbal). Results showed that route memory generally improved across time and that spatial information was remembered better than verbal information. The concurrent spatial condition resulted in lower retention scores of both spatial and verbal route knowledge. These results suggest that effective spatial processing forms a scaffold without which long‐term retention lacks detail of both spatial and verbal route knowledge. It is discussed how these findings add to understanding spatial memory of routes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Language-music comparative studies have highlighted the potential for shared resources or neural overlap in auditory short-term
memory. However, there is a lack of behavioral methodologies for comparing verbal and musical serial recall. We developed
a visual grid response that allowed both musicians and nonmusicians to perform serial recall of letter and tone sequences.
The new method was used to compare the phonological similarity effect with the impact of an operationalized musical equivalent
— pitch proximity. Over the course of three experiments, we found that short-term memory for tones had several similarities
to verbal memory, including limited capacity and a significant effect of pitch proximity in nonmusicians. Despite being vulnerable
to phonological similarity when recalling letters, however, musicians showed no effect of pitch proximity, a result that we
suggest might reflect strategy differences. Overall, the findings support a limited degree of correspondence in the way that
verbal and musical sounds are processed in auditory short-term memory. 相似文献
11.
12.
Prospective memory (PM) has been found to benefit from implementation intentions (i.e., “when I see X, I will do Y”). However,
to date, it is unclear whether implementation intentions must incorporate imagery in order to produce a positive effect on
PM, or whether the verbal statement alone is sufficient. It is also equivocal whether the use of visual imagery alone improves
PM, absent an intentional statement. The present study investigated the individual influences of implementation intentions
and imagery, as well as their combined effect, on PM. A total of 64 undergraduates were placed into one of four instructional
conditions—read-only, implementation intention, imagery, or combined—and were then tested on a laboratory PM task. The results
revealed that participants in the implementation intention, imagery, and combined groups completed significantly more PM tasks
than did participants in the read-only group, but they did not differ from one another. Combining implementation intentions
and imagery, however, did not improve PM performance over either strategy alone. Additionally, the implementation intention
and imagery groups outperformed the read-only group on a secondary ongoing digit detection task. The results of this study
suggest that implementation intentions do not require imagery to be effective in improving PM, and that imagery alone has
positive effects on PM. Finally, the results of the ongoing digit detection task suggest that the use of implementation intentions
and imagery might provide for automatic identification and processing of environmental cues. 相似文献
13.
Psychological research shows that learning can be powerfully enhanced through testing, but this finding has so far been confined
to memory tasks requiring verbal responses. We explored whether testing can enhance learning of visuospatial information in
maps. Fifty subjects each studied two maps, one through conventional study, and the other through computer-prompted tests.
For the tests, the subjects were repeatedly presented with the same map with one feature deleted (e.g., a road or a river),
and they tried to covertly recall the missing feature and its location. Subjects’ map drawings after 30 min were significantly
better for maps learned through tests in comparison with maps learned through the same amount of time devoted to conventional
study. These results suggest that the testing effect is not limited to the types of memory that require discrete, verbal responses,
and that utilizing covert retrievals may allow the effect to be extended to a variety of complex, nonverbal learning tasks. 相似文献
14.
Working memory load is critically important for the overall level of performance on vigilance tasks. However, its role in
a key aspect of vigilance—sensitivity decrement over time—is unclear. We used a dual-task procedure in which either a spatial
or a nonspatial working memory task was performed simultaneously with a spatial vigilance task for 20 min. Sensitivity in
the vigilance task declined over time when the concurrent task involved spatial working memory. In contrast, there was no
sensitivity decrement with a nonspatial working memory task. The results provide the first evidence of a specific role for
working memory representation in vigilance decrement. The findings are also consistent with a multiple resource theory in
which separate resources for memory representation and cognitive control operations are differentially susceptible to depletion
over time, depending on the demands of the task at hand. 相似文献
15.
Theories of epistemology make reference—via the perspective of an observer—to the structure of information transfer, which
generates reality, of which the observer himself forms a part. It can be shown that any epistemological approach which implies
the participation of tautological structural elements in the information transfer necessarily leads to an antinomy. Nevertheless,
since the time of Aristotle the paradigm of mathematics—and thus tautological structure—has always been a hidden ingredient
in the various concepts of knowledge acquisition or general theories of information transfer. We hold that Darwin’s Evolutionary
Theory is the first scientific theory which consistently presupposes a non-tautological structure for the information transfer
and, at the same time, keeps it strictly distinct from the tautological metric of scientific observation. The consequences
of this technique—namely the dissociation of information from intentionality—have not yet been fully drawn. 相似文献
16.
通过3个行为实验,以44名大学生或研究生为被试,考察了言语次级干扰任务是否对不同言语命名难度的客体与空间工作记忆信息的保持产生选择性干扰。研究发现:无论记忆对象是言语命名困难的客体信息,还是言语命名容易的客体信息,无论探测刺激是图形形式,还是词语形式,言语次级干扰任务都对客体信息的保持产生选择性干扰;但言语次级干扰任务对空间信息保持的影响,在不同条件下则表现出不同的特点。实验结果表明客体工作记忆自动、强制性地使用言语编码和保持机制,而空间工作记忆信息的保持是否由言语编码参与则受到其他因素的影响。 相似文献
17.
It has recently been shown that presenting additional visuospatial information alongside to-be-remembered numbers in a digit
span task enhances participants’ memory for those items. However, the mechanisms behind this visuospatial bootstrapping effect have remained unspecified. In this article, we report evidence that this effect involves an integration of information
from verbal and visuospatial temporary memory with long-term-memory (LTM) representations and that the existence of a relevant
LTM representation is necessary for bootstrapping to occur. 相似文献
18.
初步探讨毫秒范围内,客体信息保持对时间知觉的影响。实验一发现,知觉到的时间不受记忆负荷的影响,但当保持时间短时,低负荷的反应时低于高负荷的反应时;实验二仅要求被试完成时间知觉任务,发现知觉负荷异于记忆负荷对时间知觉的影响。结果说明,客体工作记忆保持对时间知觉的影响受到工作记忆资源的调节。 相似文献
19.
Information that initially is presumed to be correct, but that is later retracted or corrected, often continues to influence
memory and reasoning. This occurs even if the retraction itself is well remembered. The present study investigated whether
the continued influence of misinformation can be reduced by explicitly warning people at the outset that they may be misled.
A specific warning— giving detailed information about the continued influence effect (CIE)—succeeded in reducing the continued
reliance on outdated information but did not eliminate it. A more general warning—reminding people that facts are not always
properly checked before information is disseminated—was even less effective. In an additional experiment, a specific warning
was combined with the provision of a plausible alternative explanation for the retracted information. This combined manipulation
further reduced the CIE but still failed to eliminate it altogether. 相似文献
20.
Robert H. Logie 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(4):275-284
Abstract It is clear that human beings have the capacity to retain visual information over brief intervals, and that the representation may take the form of active visualisation. However, the characteristics of the cognitive mechanism(s) or system(s) involved in visualisation and temporary storage of visual information are as yet unclear. Of particular interest are the limitations on the operation of such a system. One suggestion is that the system has a capacity of a single pattern (Phillips, 1983). Other studies have suggested that several patterns may be retained. More recent work has suggested a limitation in terms of pattern complexity or the similarity of pattern elements. Studies of verbal short-term memory have benefited from the exploration of the effects on retention of phonological similarity or word length. Both of these effects constitute limitations on the effective function of verbal “working memory”. This paper will review contrasting views and data on the characteristics of visual short-term memory, in order to assess whether an understanding of this function might benefit from an approach analogous to that used in the theoretical development of verbal short-term memory. It is argued that there are a number of different limitations on visual short-term storage, and that these limitations may be interpreted within the context of a specialised mechanism for short-term visual storage as a component of a working memory system. 相似文献