论荀子的性情观

在近年出土的战国楚简中,“性”和“情”及其表达的思想特别引人注目,这不能不使我们重新思考传统文献特别是《荀子》中“性”“情”思想的含义。荀子论性,一面认同性乃自然成就,一如白纸;一面又认为它既有恶的倾向,又有善的倾向。荀子论情,是把它放在后天的位置上,并赋予广泛的内容,使之具有善恶一体、两端相对的特征。荀子论性情关系,一个在先,一个在后,经由心的统摄而联为一体,没有性,情无所出,没有情,性无由见。荀子的所谓性恶论,更准确地说应该是情恶论,这一层应该引起特别的注意。     

荀子：孔孟儒家的千古罪人

荀子：孔孟儒家的千古罪人方尔加从表面上看,荀子大讲特讲儒家道德,大尊特尊孔子。然而实质上恰恰是荀子糟塌了孔子,扼杀了孔子思想中极有生命力的部分。鄙人以为,真正继承孔子精华的是孔子的真诚崇拜者孟子。荀子与孔孟儒家在道德观上确实存在相当大的分歧。荀子＂礼...     

多疑必祸

正《三国演义》中有这样一个情节:曹操刺杀董卓败露后,和陈宫一起逃到吕伯奢家。曹家和吕家是世交。吕伯奢一见曹操到来,便想杀猪款待他,可是曹操却因听到磨刀声,又听说要"缚而杀之",而大起疑心,以为要杀自己,便不问青红皂白,拔剑误杀无辜。而《敌后武工队》中,杨子曾在没有任何证据的情况下,狠批一位被误会吃老乡饼没付钱     

吴虞对荀子的评说

吴虞对儒家的基本态度是从根本上予以否定,从孔子、孟子到董仲舒等儒家代表人物都受到他的攻毁。但他对战国末年的儒学大师荀子却是个例外。 本来吴虞对荀子亦持基本的否定,但后来经过他对《荀子》的重新审视,又以为荀子的见识度超越儒家与诸子,甚至视荀子为儒学中的路德、中国古代学术界的培根。并写作了《荀子之政治论》、《荀子之〈天论〉与辟机祥》、《荀子之〈劝学〉及〈礼论〉》等三篇论著,来阐发荀子的政治观、天道观与人性修养学说,对荀子的学说作了高度的评价。     

荀子与经学

战国纷争,各国诸侯招引知识分子以为智囊,谋求富强之道。其中以齐国的稷下学宫经历时间最长,人才最盛。稷下是个百家汇聚的学术沙庀,它里而包括儒、道、墨、名、法、阴、阳、纵横各家。荀况以儒家巨子游于稷下,曾经三为祭酒。儒家的经学赖荀子得以传布,清代汪中曾说:“荀卿之学,出于孔氏。而尤有功于诸经。”(《述学·荀子通论》)《荀子》正式提出“经”的名称:“其数始乎诵经,终乎读礼。”(《劝学》)这里所谓     

荀子诚论发凡

《中庸》首先将诚提升为一个重要的哲学概念,此后的儒家学者对此概念的阐释大都归宗于此。作为先秦最后一位儒学大师,荀子对诚也有深刻的哲思。荀子对诚的阐释与《中庸》有紧密的联系,但是荀子之诚却因其理论基点——性恶论——而又与思孟一系儒家不同。在荀子这里,诚仅仅作为一种道德修养功夫而存在。这一道德修养功夫又可以具体化为"常"和"慎独"两个层次。作为功夫的诚之最终目的乃在于实现人本身的"化",但是这种化指的是心对道的认可及行为的合规范性,并非是在人性层面实现本质性的转化。     

《五行》研究的过去、现在与未来

在《荀子·非十二子》中,有一段批评子思、孟子的话:“略法先王而不知其统,犹然而材剧志大,闻见杂博。案往旧造说,谓之五行,甚僻违而无类,幽隐而无说,闭约而无解。案饰其辞而只敬之曰:此真先君子之言也。子思唱之,孟轲和之。世俗之沟犹瞀儒,嚾嚾然不知其所非也,遂受而传之,以为仲尼、子游为兹厚于后世,是则子思、孟轲之罪也。”在《...     

试论荀子的人文意识

<正> 荀子有两种明显的自觉意识,一是把人同自然界的禽兽草木区别开来:“水火有气而无生,草木有生而无知,禽兽有知而无义,人有气、有生、有知,亦且有义,故最为天下贵也”(《荀子·王制》以下引《荀子》书只注篇名);“凡生乎天地之间者,有血气之属必有     

评荀子暴君论研究中的分歧

在荀子暴君论研究中存在着两种不同的观点,一种观点认为荀子反对暴君,赞同孟子的汤武革命论;另外一种观点则认为荀子主张服事暴君,反对孟子的汤武革命论。这两种观点都持之有故,言之有理,但也都有其不足之处。前者忽视了荀子对推翻暴君的革命者资格做了十分严格的限制,没有论及荀子服事暴君的言论;后者则没有正视荀子赞同汤武革命的言论,也没有全面揭示荀子提出服事暴君的原因。实际上,荀子对待暴君的态度是复杂而又矛盾的。     

“天人相分”观与荀子正义思想的误区

荀子的正义观与其天道观的关系很少受到学界重视,而高度评价他的天道观以其"天人相分"的无神论打破上天权威。但无神论的天道观恰是造成荀子正义观缺乏超验维度的原因所在:因为他在打破天神权威的同时供奉起人神权威,在抨击"信神的奴役制"的同时又鼓吹"信仰的奴役制"。当虚拟的超验信仰缺失之后,社会正义便丧失了价值独立的坐标意义,于是荀子的正义思想便落入"权威正义"的误区。他以帝王、圣人、师父、礼制、名分世俗的权威作为正义的标杆,鼓吹"隆礼""隆一""隆圣""隆君",构筑了一个无神的权威迷信体系,并以"言隆以为极"的极化思维大力神化圣人、美化君主、鼓吹尊卑、推崇人治、凝固真理,对后世的帝王专制政治产生了一定的影响。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.