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NAOYUKI YAMAMOTO 《The Japanese psychological research》2009,51(3):154-167
Although it is frequently assumed that fish possess only simple brain functions, it is becoming increasingly clear that rather complex cognitive abilities are also found in fishes, in particular teleosts. Further studies in teleosts are thus expected to extend our knowledge of cognition from a comparative point of view. The anatomical substrates responsible for such cognitive abilities, however, remain almost entirely unknown in teleosts, offering little clues to understand the evolutionary history or origins of cognition based on neural grounds. Moreover, a firm conclusion on the homology of the teleostean forebrain, in particular the telencephalon, which is a candidate central structure involved in cognitive functions, still remains to be drawn. The present paper introduces an overview of teleost brain morphology as well as different interpretations on the forebrain homology. With the currently available knowledge, it remains possible that the telencephalon of teleosts includes a neocortical homologue. Further studies to determine the homological interrelationships of different brain structures in diverse animals are important for fruitful advancement of comparative cognitive studies. 相似文献
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Milica Nikolić 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2020,17(5):649-663
ABSTRACT Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders with serious individual impairments and societal costs. Little is known about the mechanisms involved in SAD development. Here, I propose that dysregulated social emotions (social fear and shyness) are crucial for SAD development and that these dysregulated social emotions originate in the disturbances in socio-cognitive abilities. The research from our lab confirmed this. It showed that behavioural and physiological indices of social fear contribute to the development of SAD in toddlerhood and early childhood. Later in childhood, between ages 4.5 and 7.5, we found a new risk factor for SAD―dysregulated shyness. Specifically, we found that negative shy expressions and prolonged physiological blushing (temperature increase) contribute to SAD development. Whereas elevated fear may be rooted in deficits in socio-cognitive skills, dysregulated shyness may be rooted in advanced socio-cognitive abilities. These findings imply that dysregulated social emotions play an important role in SAD and should be explicitly targeted in clinical treatments of SAD. 相似文献
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中国文化中具有十分丰富的社会认知思想,其中包括通过非言语行为进行社会认知的思想。中国文化中非言语行为的社会认知,是指通过对认知对象的非言语行为的判断以达到对认知对象的了解过程,包括视瞻、言语、容止、颜色、声音、好尚等内容。中国文化中非言语行为的社会认知是典型的具有中国文化特色的社会认知,它以中国社会、中国文化、中国人的思维和生活方式以及中国语言特有的形式表现出来,既不同于西方的社会认知思想,也有别于现代社会认知的理念和范式,形成了独具特色、自成体系的中国人的社会认知心理思想。 相似文献
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心理学视野中的社会排斥 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
社会排斥是许多社会问题的深层根源,长期为社会学者、政策研究者所关注。近年来,心理学者也将目光转向了社会排斥研究。在心理学者的视野中,社会排斥是指个体被某一社会团体或他人排斥或拒绝,一个人的归属需求和关系需求受到阻碍的现象。文章主要介绍了社会排斥影响个体认知、情绪和行为的研究。文章认为,在我国开展社会排斥的心理学研究,很有现实意义 相似文献
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脑功能定位在社会认知研究中的作用及其启示 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文阐述了脑功能定位的具体技术及其与社会心理现象相结合的心理神经模型。这种结合的趋势有助于促进神经科学和社会心理学的发展,有助于解释社会心理现象中固有的一些具体问题。同时,由于社会心理现象的复杂性,因此并不一定都适合直接进行脑功能定位。 相似文献
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Anna Frohnwieser John C. Murray Thomas W. Pike Anna Wilkinson 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,105(1):14-22
In recent years, robotic animals and humans have been used to answer a variety of questions related to behavior. In the case of animal behavior, these efforts have largely been in the field of behavioral ecology. They have proved to be a useful tool for this enterprise as they allow the presentation of naturalistic social stimuli whilst providing the experimenter with full control of the stimulus. In interactive experiments, the behavior of robots can be controlled in a manner that is impossible with real animals, making them ideal instruments for the study of social stimuli in animals. This paper provides an overview of the current state of the field and considers the impact that the use of robots could have on fundamental questions related to comparative psychology: namely, perception, spatial cognition, social cognition, and early cognitive development. We make the case that the use of robots to investigate these key areas could have an important impact on the field of animal cognition. 相似文献
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Abstract A number of social cognition models have been developed to account for socio-demographic variations in health behaviour. This paper distinguishes between: (a) motivational, (b) behavioural enaction, and (c) multi-stage models of health behaviour. The models are evaluated in terms of advancement of existing knowledge and - where appropriate - predictive utility. Common themes that appear within- and between- these categories are discussed, with consideration of ways in which theory may be advanced by future research. Each approach has associated strengths and weaknesses, suggesting that a “consensus” approach to the study of health behaviour may prove fruitful. Identification of the key constructs across different model types would allow coherent integration and promote further understanding of the psycho-social determinants of health behaviour. 相似文献
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Ilaria Grazzani Veronica Ornaghi Jens Brockmeier 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2016,13(5):563-581
Despite growing evidence that conversation on inner states fosters gains in children’s social cognition, this mechanism has yet to be tested with toddlers. To address this gap, we examined whether an intervention based on conversing about mental states with small groups of 2-year-old children at nursery had a significant effect on toddlers’ theory of mind (ToM) and emotion understanding (EU). Participants were 68 children (Mage at pre-test: 29.9 months) who were assigned to either an experimental or a control condition. Measures of verbal ability, ToM and EU were administered at pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. Over a one-month intervention, all children were read a series of brief illustrated stories. After listening to the stories, the experimental group (n = 34) was involved in conversations on mental states, whereas the control group (n = 34) was engaged in conversation regarding the material entities and actions featured in the storybook. The experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on measures of both ToM and EU, independently of gains in verbal ability. Furthermore, these positive effects remained stable over time. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. 相似文献
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C.M. Johnson 《Animal cognition》2001,3(4):167-183
A model of "distributed cognition" is contrasted with the "mental representation" model exemplified by Tomasello and Call's Primate Cognition. Rather than using behavior as a basis for inferences to invisible mental events such as intentions, the distributed approach
treats communicative interactions as, themselves, directly observable cognitive events. Similar to a Vygotskian approach,
this model characterizes cognition as "co-constructed" by the participants. This approach is thus particularly suitable for
studying primates (including humans), whose reliance on multiparty negotiations can undermine the researcher's ability to
extrapolate from observable outcomes back to individual intentions. Detailed (e.g., frame-by-frame) analyses of such interactions
reveal cross-species differences in the relevant media of information flow (e.g., behavioral coordination, relative gaze)
as well as in the flexibility and complexity of the trajectories observed. Plus, with its focus on dynamics, the distributed
approach is especially useful for modeling developmental and evolutionary processes. In discussing enculturation and the ontogeny
of imitation, its emphasis is on changes in how expert and novice participate in such events, rather than how either may represent
them. Primate cognitive evolution is seen as involving changes in context sensitivity, multi-tasking, and the coordination
of social attention. Humans in particular – in, especially, the context of teaching – are seen as having specialized in linking
co-perception with the refined sensory-motor coordination that enables them to translate observed behavior into strategically
similar action. Highlighting the continuity between human and nonhuman development, this promising, complementary model enables
us to tap the richness of micro-ethology as a cognitive science.
Accepted after revision: 7 January 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
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Dominance hierarchies are generally established based on the levels of aggressiveness that animals present. Frequently, animals fight to establish a dominance hierarchy and obtain a disputed resource. The Mexican mojarra Cichlasoma istlanum is a native species of the Balsas river basin and coexists there with four nonnative cichlids: tilapia Oreochromis sp., convict cichlid Amatitlania nigrofasciata, spotcheek cichlid Thorichthys maculipinnis, and green terror Andinoacara rivulatus. These five cichlid species compete for spaces for reproduction, feeding, and shelter and frequently engage in aggressive interactions to obtain these resources. We quantified dominance indices to evaluate the hierarchical structure of dominance among these five cichlids and the duration of aggressive behaviors of the Mexican mojarra during experimental contests between the native species and each of the four nonnative species. The Mexican mojarra was consistently dominant over the other four cichlid species, performing a larger number of aggressive behaviors and investing more time in attacking than the nonnative cichlids, which resulted in a higher hierarchical position. Our results show that the native fish, Mexican mojarra, established dominance over all four nonnative cichlid fish of the Balsas basin. Thus, the establishment of nonnative cichlid species in the Balsas basin is likely associated with factors other than behavioral dominance. 相似文献
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家庭处境不利儿童的社会性发展研究述评 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
本文就家庭视角评述国外关于处境不利儿童的社会性发展有关研究。有关文献表明,处境不利儿童的自我概念有明显的外在化特征,区分性低,较少指向未来;他们存在社会信息加工中的译码困难和归因偏向,其信息加工技能和认知控制技能都存在一定的问题,社会性情绪发展也存在诸多困难;他们的亲子依恋往往是不安全甚至矛盾类型;他们往往难以被同伴所接纳,在交往中更多地表现出适应不良性行为,其友谊质量也比较差,但自我效能、自我调节以及良好的群体特征是改善其同伴交往的重要因素;家庭的各种不利因素还会对其社会交活动中的活动能力、活动数量、活动水平和活动技能带来影响,在他们身上也更容易出现攻击、退缩以及各种过错行为和违法犯罪行为。当前,有关这些儿童的神经生理与心理学结合的研究也正在进行之中。 相似文献
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Beata Stawarska 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2006,5(1):17-30
I examine the role of mutual gaze in social cognition. I start by discussing recent studies of joint visual attention in order to show that social cognition is operative in infancy prior to the emergence of theoretical skills required to make judgments about other people's states of mind. Such social cognition depends on the communicative potential inherent in human bodies. I proceed to examine this embodied social cognition in the context of Merleau-Ponty's views on vision. I expose some inner difficulties within Merleau-Ponty's position as well as to point out the ways of resolving them by means of combined insights from developmental psychology and the analyses of self-other relations from philosophies of dialogue. 相似文献
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具身理论是继计算隐喻、联结主义之后诠释人类是如何获取知识表征世界这样一个本质性问题的新视角, 指出概念系统的建构对真实身体及其身体活动的体验的依赖, 即具身性。随着认知科学的快速发展, 具身理论已从原始阶段的哲学思辨成为认知心理学、社会认知等领域解释各种现象的一种新的研究范式。文章简要回顾了具身理论的起源及发展, 选取了社会认知心理学中主要的研究对象, 即态度、社会知觉、情绪等, 总结具身理论在这些领域的研究范式及最新研究成果。最后, 文章从实证的角度指出在社会认知领域中以具身理论为框架开展实证研究时值得注意的要点, 并提出此类研究结合其他研究视角(例如, 神经科学, 跨文化心理学)的可能性。 相似文献