Travail et épuisement professionnel : le rôle modérateur des traits de la personnalité

This study aims to assess the moderating role of personality traits on the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The stress theories (Lazarus et Folkman, 1984; Marchand, 2004; Pearlin, 1999) argues that the effects of stressors are moderated by the individual perception of stressors, some personality traits may thus moderate the relationship between work stressors and burnout. The main results confirm self-esteem and locus of control moderates the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The results of this study may be useful in some human resource management activities, particularly career management, promotions management and personnel selection.     

La gestion des émotions et ses déficits,chez les personnes atteintes de douleur chronique : une revue systématisée des études relatives à l’alexithymie, à l’intelligence émotionnelle, à la régulation émotionnelle et au coping

The goal of this review is to synthesize the data of scientific literature on emotional management and its deficits in chronic pain. We used terms referenced in databases and MesH terms (of the United States National Library of Medicine) to perform a literature search in a powerful online search engine (EBSCOhost research databases). Four hundred and forty-nine papers, taken from international reviews and published of 1994 (because it is in the middle of the 1990s that this theme begins to be handle) to the end of January, 2015, are identified by a total 5 electronic databases with predefined keywords about emotions and chronic pain. Forty-six of which met the inclusion criteria, according to their title, their summary and their complete text. The findings suggest that some emotional management strategies and its deficits can maintain a vicious circle of negative emotional states with physiological and psychopathological consequences. Several studies show that alexithymia, emotional ambivalence and emotional suppression have a deleterious impact on pain, emotional distress (depression, anxiety) and disability. In spite of some contradictions concerning the nature of this effect (sensory or affective pain intensity or even duration of pain), it seems that alexithymia is a major variable implied in chronic pain. Inversely, experiential acceptance has a beneficial effect on psychological distress (depression, anxiety and stress). Emotional disclosure (of stressful or traumatic events) can decrease pain intensity but not disability and mental health. Likewise, emotional expression in daily life seems beneficial, but when the expression of the positive and negative feelings are distinguished, emotional expression of negative feelings increases pain, disability and distress. The whole of these findings emphasize the need to further research about emotional management in chronic non-cancer pain. It is necessary to identify and control the source of potential bias. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain these findings. In the future, it would be interesting to use a multifactorial approach to investigate the interactions between various processes of emotional management in chronic pain patients.     

Réguler ses émotions quand on apprend,oui mais pourquoi ? Motivations à réguler ses émotions,buts émotionnels et stratégies de régulation émotionnelle mises en œuvre par des étudiants universitaires primo-arrivants en situation de préparation d’examen

Studying for the first exam period is a big challenge for freshmen students, especially because they must be able to regulate emotions emerging from this new learning situation. Indeed, it is now recognized that cognitions and emotions interact in learning and that emotion can hinder or support it. However, we argue that it is not only emotions per se but rather how students manage them in the targeted situation (i.e. their emotional regulation skills) that impacts students’ adaptation to this academic context. Using an online survey, this study explored motives in emotion regulation, emotion goals and concrete emotion regulation strategies implemented by students during the preparation of a significant course evaluation. It focuses both on “why” students engage in emotion regulation in the target situation and on “how” this regulation is implemented. A thematic content analysis, processing the data of the 235 respondents, indicates that different motivations in emotion regulation are present among students (hedonic and instrumental motivations to regulate emotions) and that these motivations can be plural among the same students. When instrumental and hedonic motivations are both reported, although the students’ discourse argues that hedonic motivation (feeling good/better) is at the service of instrumental motivation (studying the course), concrete SRE prioritize well-being, through distraction from the course, more than the study of the course (the SRE rarely supports learning). In addition, the most reported emotion regulation strategy is distraction from the course (taking a break and doing something to distract yourself from the course), even in the absence of motivational conflicts. As a result, the theoretical model of motivated regulation (Tamir, 2009; Tamir, 2015) applied to this learning situation offers an innovative reading of why and how university students attempt to manage their emotions in order to learn successfully. Although the current study approaches only the conscious side of emotion regulation, it provides an original perspective on this complex phenomenon without ignoring the context in which it emerges. Finally, this insight should help students, teachers and educational coaches to see emotion regulation as necessary for learning and to set up pedagogical and coaching practices that support the development of SRE, adapted to the learning situation and linked to the emotional states that students wish to experiment in order to optimize learning.     

Conduites évaluatives des cyber-étudiants à l’université : rôle du sentiment de communauté

Our study aims to describe and explain the diversity of students’ evaluative conducts according to socio-technical characteristics of their courses setting (face-to-face/e-learning) but also to sense of community. Our survey results based on a questionnaire administered to 195 students confirm our hypothesis. They show that e-learners are more satisfied with their training than face-to-face students are. Moreover, they point out that sense of community has a positive impact on e-learners satisfaction and on the way, they give meaning to their training according to their different spheres of activities. However, the influence of sense of community on those both dimensions is less straight to face-to-face students.     

Quelques réflexions sur l’incidence des valeurs éthiques sur le choix technique des interventions psychothérapeutiques

If we consider the evolution in the patterns of psychopathology during the 20th century, we discover the evolution of ethical values implicit in the theory and their implications as far as our technical choices are concerned. The therapeutic relationship is asymmetrical, not only because of different role positions but also because of an inherent power differential. The therapist is consciously recognized as occupying a superior role because of his or her professional status and at the unconscious level, too, through transfer and projection of different fantasies. Being in charge of the therapeutic process carries with it the professional responsibility for handling this asymmetry. The therapist's theoretical and technical decisions in this regard reflect his or her ideology about power and how it should be used to establish the therapeutic alliance.     

Jeux vidéo violents : leur impact sur la désensibilisation émotionnelle des jeunes

BackgroundThis research aims to evaluate the relationship between the use of violent video games (VVG) and emotional desensitization (ED).MethodTwo hundred and one pupils between the ages of 12 and 16 years completed a questionnaire measuring VVG exposure, empathy and ED.ResultsCorrelations and regression analyses revealed links between exposure to VVG and ED. The VVG experience is a risk factor in the presence of two moderating variables: preexisting empathy and the amount of time spent playing VVG.ConclusionsThe results suggest that exposure to VVG is a risk factor for ED.     

Risques psychosociaux au travail : le rôle modérateur des stratégies de coping

It is now a fact that health and well being at work are enhanced by organizational characteristics (Dupret, Bocéréan, Teherani, & Feltrin, 2012) and individual characteristics such as coping strategies used in a stressful situation (Truchot & Fisher, 2002). The purpose of this research is to study the interaction between organizational characteristics and coping strategies in the emergence of psychosocial risks factors. This study was conducted with 427 employees, as part of a psychosocial risk assessment. The analysis (Sobel tests and LISREL modelization) show the moderating influence between coping strategies and the organizational variables on occupational health and life quality.     

Le rôle joué par les événements stressants sur la transmission intergénérationnelle de l’attachement

Associations between maternal internal working models (IWM) (adult attachment projective: AAP) [George, C., West, M., Pettem, O., 1997. Adult attachment projective: protocol and classification scoring system. Manuscrit non publié. Mills College, Californie], preschool child attachment (separation–reunion procedure) [Cassidy, J., Marvin, R. S., 1992. Attachment organization in preschool children: procedures and coding manual. Manuscrit non publié. MacArthur Working Group on Attachment; Dev Psychol 24 (1988) 415–526] and stressful life-events were examined in 119 dyads. A convergence for transmission similar to what has been reported in the literature [Psychol Bull 117(3) (1995) 387–403] was found (76% for security, kappa = 0.53; p < 0.001). Moreover, unresolved mothers with disorganized–controlling children reported more stressful life-events (F [3, 106] = 4.70; p < 0.01). The present study therefore indicates the importance of including contextual factors [van IJzendoorn, M.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., 1997. Intergenerational transmission of attachment: a move to the contextual level. In: Atkinson et, L., Zucker, K.J. (Eds.), Attachment and Psychopathology. The Gilford Press, New York, pp. 135–170] to better understand attachment transmission and offer support for the validity of the AAP.     

Pandémie de COVID-19 : attachement,anxiété, régulation émotionnelle et stratégies de coping chez les enfants d’âge scolaire

IntroductionAn impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the emotions and behaviors of children has been found in several studies. However, this impact is not found in all studies. Attachment could be linked to different reactions and levels of anxiety.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to analyze the links between children's insecure attachment and variables related to anxiety, emotional and behavioral management of children during the pandemic.MethodStudy participants (n = 83 parents and their child aged 6 to 12) completed anonymously online questionnaires assessing attachment insecurity, state-anxiety, coping strategies and emotional regulation. They also answered socio-demographic questions related to their context of life and experience of the pandemic.ResultsState-anxiety is significantly related to children's emotional dysregulation but not to emotion-oriented coping strategy. Significant links were observed between attachment insecurity on the one hand, and children's state-anxiety, emotion-oriented coping strategy and children's emotional dysregulation on the other hand. Emotional dysregulation mediates the link between disorganized attachment and state anxiety.ConclusionThe links between attachment insecurity and children's state-anxiety on the one hand, and the emotion-oriented coping strategy on the other hand highlight the importance of taking individual and interactional factors into account in children's socio-emotional manifestations during the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Les principes d’une prévention de la récidive efficace : le modèle Risque-Besoins-Réceptivité

Recidivism prevention remains a crucial issue in France. While meta-analyses clearly indicated the effectiveness of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (R-N-R) model for assessment and rehabilitation, this model is not used in French probation services. The aim of this article is to introduce the R-N-R model, through an emphasis on its three main principles. A necessary continuity from assessment to intervention is highlighted. The article concludes by stressing the need to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of intervention to prevent recidivism.     

Peut-on réverser avant thrombolyse ? Que ferait le juge face à un infarctus cérébral ?

In an unpacified and somehow violent world, the judge is more and more advised to handle technical and often urgent cases. Committed to judge, the magistrate fulfilled its own mission disregarding the tempo of the uncommon life-threatening emergency. Considering the acute stroke for being one of the most important complications of atrial fibrillation shows how frail and uneasy is for the judge to build its decisions over a large amount of laws. In the case of an anticoagulated patient suffering an ischemic stroke, the practitioner is able to embrace a wide bunch of treatments leading to myriads of effects and modulating the medical responsibility. Adding up deontological aspects, ethics, scientific data (techniques and technology) to summarize medical engagement which stands just aside new patients’ rights leads to consider further the particular functional link between the patient, his disease, his physician and their judge.     

Engagement envers le supérieur et recherche de feedback négatif : le rôle des variables de statut du supérieur

The relationship between employees’ affective commitment to the supervisor and negative feedback seeking is barely explored in the literature. Moreover, the role of the characteristics related to the context where this relationship develops is unknown. In the present article, we examine the relationship between affective commitment to the supervisor and negative feedback seeking using data collected from 250 employees affiliated with organizations operating in the service industry. Three moderating variables were measured: supervisor-organization value incongruence, supervisors’ networking ability, and supervisors’ perceived organizational status. Data analysis through moderated multiple regression indicates that commitment to the supervisor is positively related to negative feedback seeking, and that this relationship is enhanced when the supervisor is perceived to have a low value incongruence with the organization or a weak networking ability. In contrast, supervisors’ perceived organizational status did not exert a moderating role. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on feedback seeking behavior in the workplace.     

L’habilitation des salariés : le rôle du supérieur et des collègues

Organizational initiatives to empower employees have limited success if they are supported only by top managers. The goal of this study is to examine how two actors in the workers’ proximal social environment, the supervisor and colleagues, contribute to employee empowerment. A questionnaire study was conducted with a sample of 418 workers relying both on psychological and behavioral self-report measures of employee empowerment. Multiple regressions revealed that contributions from the supervisor and colleagues are distinct, additive and interact in a synergic way to increase employee empowerment. These results suggest that it is important to foster favorable conditions in the workers’ proximal social environment to instill employee empowerment.     

Mesurer le risque social en entreprise. Le modèle de la réluctance socio-organisationnelle

This research aims at highlighting the existence of a generic concept, which could measure the social risk in company: the socio-organizational reluctance. First, we will define this concept, which comes from the electromagnetic field, where reluctance deals with the concept of resistance between two fields. Then, we will identify and define the concepts that are useful to measure social risk: social climate, organizational commitment, personal involvement and subjective congruence. Finally, we will test their links and their structure in a multivariate perspective, using structural equations modeling. The adjustment between the empirical data and the model confirms the existence of a global concept of reluctance. We also can see that organizational commitment and involvement have particular links to each other, which need more investigations.