L’information et la gestion des risques dans le suivi de la grossesse lors du 1 trimestre : quelques réflexions sur le défi éthique et le cadre légal en Suisse

The progress in prenatal medicine raises complex questions with respect to the physician–patient relationship. The physician needs to reconcile medical aspects, ethical principles as well as judicial norms. Already, during the first trimester, the physician has to put into practice the schedule combining for each individual pregnancy physical, laboratory and other appropriate exams. Physicians are under the obligation to inform in a clear and comprehensive way without creating unnecessary anxiety for their patients. Legal requirements include informed consent, the respect for the patient's right to self-determination, and compliance with the Swiss federal law on genetic testing, especially with its articles on prenatal screening and diagnosis. This article discusses the complexity of obstetrical practice when it comes to delivering adequate information within the scope of ethical and legal requirements in Switzerland.     

Évolution des idées en psychologie de la santé dans le monde anglo-saxon. De la psychologie de la santé (health psychology) à la psychologie critique de la santé (critical health psychology)

The authors adopt a historical perspective and exhibit the debates held within Health Psychology in the Anglo-Saxon universe since the 1980s. They show how the development of the North-American mainstream approach has aroused several objections. These objections were firstly methodological (qualitative methods) then, theoretical and epistemological. This evolution has allowed the creation of two main approaches: Qualitative Health Psychology and Critical Health Psychology. While this course is not yet well-known in France, it illustrates, however, the present developments and the richness of the discussion within Anglo-Saxon Psychology. The conclusion shows that these debates should be known and accepted if we intend to improve our models in Psychology, so that they take into account the situated nature of the human being, its dynamics, its temporality as well and its complexity. Hence, Health Psychology perspectives as a whole will gain in pertinence in the fields of research and intervention.     

Le statut de la critique en psychologie du travail : une clinique de l’activité

The first purpose of the article is to take advantage of observations made on the status of criticism in sociology. This involves a diagnosis on the state of work psychology. The aim is to alter the trend of criticism and support a clinical approach to activity derived from Vygotski's research. The idea of critical psychology as a self-sufficient line of study is invalidated. An example is developed in order to describe the operating method. The last part of the article is devoted to a brief discussion of Beauvois's recent theories.     

Conditions d'efficience du sentiment d'efficacité personnelle dans la régulation d'une perturbation professionnelle : la dynamique du système des activités

This research deals with the controversy stated by Bandura about the level of generality-specificity it is advisable to appraise self-efficacy beliefs. The authors argue that the stake is not to challenge or not the interest of a general self-efficacy appraisal (compared with specific self-efficacy appraisals) but to study the conditions of general self-efficacy efficiency, for instance in the regulation of disruptions. With reference to the model of System of Activities, the data collected among 157 teachers recently recruited show how general self-efficacy beliefs attenuate the effects of an occupational disruption (the mismatches related to the mastery of required skills) on occupational satisfaction and general well-being, only if newcomers develop a middle level of exchanges between their different domains of life.     

Structure implicative des propriétés, conséquences pour l'étude de la catégorisation

We show how the notion of implication between properties and the relevance principle shed new light on the results of Rosch and her colleagues (1975, 1976). To uncover our hypotheses, concerning relationships between properties, participants were asked to respond to propositions linking properties A and B, relative to birds, of the type “If A, can it generally be said that B?” Results show that some properties are linked one to the other (quasi-equivalence, quasi-implication, or quasi-independence) and that these implicative links can be summarized by an implicative graph. The resulting property structure has a predictive character for participant response times.     

Vers une prise en compte de la contrainte liée à l’effecteur dans la dynamique de coordination graphomotrice

Comparing two independent experiments following the same paradigm, the present article ponders the influence of constraints on graphic activity. A first study realized by Athènes et al. (2004) on the reproduction of simple graphic shapes revealed the presence of five preferential shapes when the effector was not constrained. With the forearm fastened, our results suggest that four only shapes are preferential when reproducing these same shapes. Overall, our findings suggest that the addition of a constraint related to the effector does not necessarily imply a negative effect on the graphic landscape. Were this assumption to be confirmed by full-fledged studies, it would be then possible to reveal new preferential shapes that are not spontaneously reproduced without additional constraints.     

Mesure du bien-être psychologique dans un contexte de réadaptation fonctionnelle

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid, sensitive and reliable tool to measure psychological well-being in rehabilitation context. Psychologists working in different European countries, set out ideas on the basis of their experience and collected data from the people involved; then the researchers in social psychology analysed this data and guided the practitioners approach by developing a tool based on scientific indicators. Factor analyses allowed to reorganize the initial questionnaire and to define 4 factors important to appreciate psychological well-being in this context: cognitive and social abilities, communication skills about their own difficulties, knowledge of their health, and emotional coping. The final tool appears to be sensitive to evolution during the rehabilitation process on two factors: communication skills and emotional coping.     

Psychopathologie de la vie quotidienne : validation d’un nouveau questionnaire de défaillances cognitives

In our daily lives, we make a number of errors and blunders for all our activities. These are the cognitive failures of everyday life, which are conventionally measured by the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ). Literature has demonstrated not only that this tool has many limitations especially regarding its factor structure which is not identified by consensus but also that the origin and nature of cognitive failures are not interviewed because they are considered in terms of executive dysfunction. Also, this study will be to describe the various stages of validation structure of a new assessment tool, the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire Daily (questionnaire de défaillances cognitives quotidiennes [QDCQ]) and expose the different levels of analysis of our methodological approach that we have allowed to get it. Therefore, it was administered to 237 all comers people of all ages and proposed them to assess the frequency of cognitive failures over the last 6 months. As a result of is a first step in item analysis using indices of normality, of difficulty and discrimination and a second at different scales, we removed twenty-five items out of fifty-two which the statistical power was not sufficient to be kept. We then obtained a new version of QDCQ, which comprises twenty-seven items that apprehend the most cognitive failure's construct. The results of several confirmatory factor analyzes identify a structure with three factors (attention, language and memory) as best fitting our data. That is consistent with the general literature on this construct (0145 and 0240), and it tends us to prefer the hypothesis that the occurrence of cognitive failures would be the result of a momentary disruption of specific cognitive processes (probably executive processes which it remains to be defined) that influenced in different spheres of activities. The questionnaire opens new perspectives both in terms of clinical practice, particularly in that it could participate in early detection of several behaviours involved in various forms of pathological cognitive aging such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's. Moreover, conceptually, it could also lead to clarify the relationship that the construct of cognitive failures has with executive functions.     

Les comportements de protection face au risque naturel : de la résistance à l’engagement

An adequate risk management requires taking into account all the categories of stakeholders, including the exposed populations. Nowadays, one difficulty is to involve these populations and consequently to understand their reactions face to the eventuality of a disaster's occurrence. Several issues must be addressed: how is the representation of risk built up ? How do people develop adaptive strategies towards risk ? And above all, how is it possible to ensure an increase in behaviours suited for prevention and protection ? After drawing up a report on the research in this area, we will discuss the limitations of a persuasive communication, in order to better understand the interest of a binding communication for the management of natural hazards.     

Pragmatique et langage non littéral : la compréhension des demandes sarcastiques par les enfants

This study was aimed at examining the role of context and intonation in sarcastic-request understanding by French-speaking children 3- to 7-year-olds. An individual completion of stories task is given to the children. Stories vary according to two factors: intonation (sarcastic or neutral) and context (sarcastic or neutral). The results showed that the children were able to understand sarcastic requests before the age of 6 or 7. Intonation seems to be an earlier cue than context in sarcastic-request understanding. At the ages of 3 and 5, children appear to primarily base their interpretation on intonation; it is not until they are 7 that they are also able to take context into account.     

Disponibilité à la psychothérapie et à l’engagement dans les soins chez les patientes boulimiques : contribution du Rorschach

The instability of involvement in the care process and psychotherapy is frequent among bulimic women. The preliminary evaluation of the capacity of involvement helps to make the decision to begin specific care with these patients. We thus make the assumption that involvement in the care process can express itself in indexes of Rorschach when this test is part of a prior examination of orientation at the beginning of the care. These indexes concern the relationship dependence and the capacity of development of subjective expression. They appear in several analysis registers of the Rorschach protocol, which are: the scale of oral dependence (ROD); the index of expressive capacity (EX); the recurring object (ORec); contents in connection with the representation of dependence among bulimic women. A group of 34 bulimic women involved in multifocal care process, especially including a psychoanalytical-inspired psychotherapy (ES) is compared with a group of 34 bulimic women who precociously stopped this care or didn’t get involved in it (NES). The subjects of the ES group received care during at least 1 year. The comparison between the two groups shows significant differences in the pretherapeutic indexes (ROD, ORec). The interest and the limits of this type of analysis are debated.     

Penser autrement les difficultés scolaires : les apports du Rorschach en système intégré

This study examines school under-achievement from the perspective of clinical psychology. We compare 2 groups of children in the 3^rd grade (mean age 9) based on their results on a national test of French language and Mathematics. We present the Rorschach results of 7 high performers compared to 7 low performers, all of whom have IQ scores (K. ABC) that are in the average range (90 - 109). The Rorschach data (Comprehensive System) demonstrate no differences between these groups of children concerning affective functioning and stress tolerance. However, the quantitative and qualitative results are notably different concerning attitudes relative to complex situations, in the area of critical self-perception and conflict-resolution strategies.     

Le rôle de la mémoire de travail dans la production écrite de textes

Integration of capacity (Just and Carpenter, 1992) and componentiel (Baddeley, 1986) conceptions of working memory in models of text composition (Hayes, 1996 ; Kellogg, 1996 ; McCutchen, 1996) has allowed studying several facets of the role of working memory in writing acquisition and in expert management of the writing processes. This article presents these two conceptions and examines their respective contribution in the field of writing research from two perspectives: The demands of the writing processes (in terms of processing and transient storage) and the influence of working memory capacity on the control of production. The conclusion underlines the importance of investigating the on-line management of text production, the role of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and to link strategies for allocating the working memory resources with text quality.     

Modèles et méthodes d'étude de la production écrite

The purpose of the present introduction to this special issue is to provide readers with a general theoretical framework of the cognitive structures and processes involved in writing. The first part of this introduction browses the major lines of the evolution of the writing models, since the first cognitive architecture of the writing processes proposed by Hayes and Flower (1980). In parallel with advance in theoretical conceptions of writing, methods for studying writing also evolved. The second part briefly describes the methods that are most used in writing research. The final part of the introduction presents the different articles that compose this special issue.     

L'élaboration du contenu du texte : de la mémoire à long terme à l'environnement de la tâche

This paper aims at analysing different theories about text content elaboration. In the literature, the conceptual processing is considered through its relationships with long-term memory and the retrieving process during planning. It has been shown that knowledge availability and organisation influenced the writing progress. The task environment, which contains both the text that is currently written and documentary sources, equally plays an important role during text content elaboration. In this framework, the question concerning the double influence of knowledge from long-term memory and information from environment on the dynamics of writing processing is raised. The working memory, the activation theories and the analysis of the writer's eye movements are studied to answer this crucial question.     

Les effets de la modalité sensorielle sur la perception du temps

The subjective duration of an event can be influenced by the modality of the signal demarcating that event. For example, auditory signals are often judged as of longer duration than equivalent duration visual signals. Within the framework of pacemaker-accumulator models of timing, such modality effects raise the question of whether the internal clock is modality specific or amodal. The answer to this question is quite important for the development of cognitively and neurologically realistic models of timing and time perception. Here, we argue that the internal clock has both modality specific and amodal components. Specifically, we claim there is a common amodal pacemaker, but the switch-accumulator systems are modality specific. Moreover, we also posit that long-term memory representations of duration are stored amodally.     

Implication de la gestuelle dans la transmission d’informations

The present paper reports the results of an experimentation that explores the cognitive dimension of gesture involved in many situations of social communication. The method is based on a protocol structured in four experimental modalities, with video sequences. The results from 82 subjects suggest that the role of this component of nonverbal behavior exceeds the apparent transmission of information. It clarifies the verbal speech of the locutor, and also allows to share his own representations, and to direct those of the interlocutor. This impact is all the more effective as the visual-spatial aptitudes of the later are high.     

Introduction : hauts potentiels et talents : la position actuelle du problème

In this introduction to the special issue on giftedness of the review Psychologie Française, the evolution of ideas on intelligence is first discussed. The broadening of the concept of intelligence and the distinction between different kinds of intelligence have indeed some consequences for the definition and for the assessment of giftedness. Some general remarks are then made on the current state of the art in the research on giftedness, in France and in the world, before introducing the various contributions gathered in this special issue.