A Review of School Counseling Outcome Research: Implications for Practice

In this review, the authors summarize school counseling outcome research published between 1988 and 1995. Gysbers and Henderson's (1994) comprehensive developmental guidance model served as the organizing model through which the status of empirical literature regarding school counseling is examined. Results indicated that research focused more on remediation activities as compared to preventive interventions. This review found tentative support for career planning, group counseling, social skill training activities, and peer counseling. Practical implications and future research direction are drawn from these conclusions.     

心理咨询效果评价模型初探

简述了心理咨询效果评价的历史与现状,对有关模型进行了述评,并围绕心理咨询效果评价的核心问题提出了4-维模型。其中内容维度由积极心理和消极心理组成,报告人维度由当事人、专业人员和知情者组成,方法维度由实证方法和现象学方法组成,时间维度由即时、中期、跟踪和总结组成。我们期望该模型不仅可用于分析心理咨询效果评价研究,而且能对今后的研究有一定的指导意义。     

School Counseling Outcome: A Meta‐Analytic Examination of Interventions

The effectiveness of school counseling interventions is important in this era of evidence‐based practices. In this study, Meta‐Analysis 1 involved treatment‐control comparisons and Meta‐Analysis 2 involved pretest‐posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was .30. The study examined whether pertinent moderator variables influenced effect sizes. The pretest‐posttest effect size was not significant, so moderator analyses were conducted on treatment‐control comparisons. Analyses of moderator variables indicated school counseling program activities or interventions varied in effectiveness.     

Personal Versus Vocational Focus in Career Counseling: A Retrospective Outcome Study

In this archival study the authors sought to determine the relationship, if any, between counseling outcomes and the topical focus in career counseling. Twenty-two counselors saw 46 adult clients at a community-based clinic for an average of eight sessions. Counseling outcome and topical focus (the extent to which the actual content of counseling sessions reflected relatively more vocationally or personally focused topics) were assessed from follow-up questionnaires to former career clients and from trained raters' evaluations of the counselors' written progress notes. Results showed that, from the counselors' perspective, outcomes were better when the focus of the sessions was relatively more vocational than personal and when relatively more interviews were held. Client satisfaction, on the other hand, was predictable only from the counselor's level of experience. Satisfaction with occupational status was not associated with any of the client, counselor, or treatment factors. Discussion focuses on the contribution of the results to career counseling practice and on the feasibility and validity of retrospective, archival research.     

Counseling Canadian Indigenous Peoples: The Therapeutic Alliance and Outcome

The aim of this study was to determine whether client therapeutic alliance ratings and client symptom severity were predictors of counseling outcomes among Canadian Indigenous clients. Participants included 179 Canadian Indigenous clients who completed an outcome measure at the 1st and last sessions and an alliance measure at both the 2nd and 3rd sessions. Results indicated that higher client alliance ratings at Sessions 2 and 3 and baseline client symptom severity were significant predictors of outcome. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si las valoraciones del cliente de la alianza terapéutica y la severidad de los síntomas del cliente fueron indicadores de los resultados de la consejería entre clientes indígenas canadienses. Los participantes incluyeron 179 clientes indígenas canadienses que completaron una medida de resultados en la primera y última sesión, además de una medida de la alianza en la segunda y tercera sesión. Los resultados indicaron que unas valoraciones del cliente más altas de la alianza en las sesiones 2 y 3 y la severidad preliminar de los síntomas del cliente fueron indicadores significativos del resultado.     

A Rejoinder

Three commentaries on the Nesselroade and Molenaar target article in this issue are responded to in the interest of elaborating and defending the points of view expressed in our article. The commentaries feature philosophy of science, general structural modeling, and broad behavioral research perspectives. Responding to the commentaries afforded us the opportunity to clarify further matters that we deem critical to the fundamental matter of measurement in behavioral science, especially as it emphasizes (properly, we believe) the individual as the primary unit of analysis.     

Measuring Treatment Resistance in Offender Counseling

The authors explored the psychometric properties of the Correctional Treatment Resistance Scale (R. A. Shearer, 1999). The scale showed preliminary promise as a screening instrument that can be used in a variety of treatment settings.     

心理咨询效果评价的组织和概念图式简介

在过去几十年中,心理咨询效果评价已由单维总体评价转向多维评价。具体地说,在1980年代前,效果评价的特点是：(1)由咨询者评价;(2)评价来访者总体上的变化;(3)认为变化是单方向的;(4)认为变化是单维的;(5)认为变化是稳定的;(6)评价方法与心理咨询理论密切关联。1990年代后,效果评价的特点是：     

Sports Counseling: A New Counseling Specialty Area

This article provides background information about sports counseling for student-athletes. A proposal for a Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs specialty training area for sports counseling is presented.     

A 40‐Year Review of Multicultural Counseling Outcome Research: Outlining a Future Research Agenda for the Multicultural Counseling Movement

This study represents a 40‐year review of multicultural counseling outcome research that has been done in the mental health professions. Particular attention is directed to the outcomes that ensue from counseling situations that are composed of counselors and clients from different racial/cultural backgrounds and identities in individual, group, and family counseling settings. Recommendations are presented for the next decade of multicultural counseling outcome research.     

Conscious and Unconscious Metacognition: A Rejoinder

In this rejoinder we clarify several issues raised by the commentators with the hope of resolving some disagreements. In particular, we address the distinction between information-based and experience-based metacognitive judgments and the idea that memory monitoring may be mediated by direct access to internal representations. We then examine the possibility of unconscious metacognitive processes and expand on the critical role that conscious metacognitive feelings play in mediating between unconscious activations and explicit-controlled action. Finally, several open questions are articulated for further scrutiny.     

The Relevance of Counseling Outcome Research: Current Trends and Practical Implications

This systematic review investigated current trends in the publication sources, research focus, and methods of 365 counseling outcome studies. The results suggest that outcome research can provide a considerable knowledge base regarding numerous client concerns and various clinical interventions in individual, career, and school counseling. Counseling practitioners with a thorough knowledge of outcome research methods who use the findings appropriately will find this literature a useful adjunct to clinical decision making. Suggestions for improving the use of counseling research are offered for both practitioners and researchers.     

Marriage Counseling: A Christian Approach to Counseling Couples

An approach to marriage counseling aimed at Christian couples is described. The theoretical bases of the approach are cognitive behavioral therapy and structural and strategic marital therapies. Techniques are drawn from various schools of marriage therapy. Shared Christian values between counselor and clients are used to promote increased marital commitment, marital satisfaction, and personal spiritual growth. Marital satisfaction might be increased through helping the couple increase their intimacy, enhance their communication, improve their conflict management, and forgive each other for past and present hurts.     

心理咨询新模式:聚焦于问题解决的短期咨询

“聚焦于问题解决的短期咨询”是一种新兴的心理咨询模式,它因其正向思考、省时省力等优点迅速在世界范围内崛起,并被广泛应用在不同的咨询情境中。文章在对聚焦于问题解决的短期咨询简介的基础上,介绍了其产生背景,指出了该模式的应用领域,并对其作了简要评价。     

Measuring Clients' Cognitive Competence in Research on Counseling

Counseling is defined as an activity concerned with the development of cognitive competence in clients. As part of the overall movement in research on counseling toward methodological pluralism and triangulation, it is suggested that researchers of counseling effects adopt methods of processing and representing clients' cognitive structures. Such methods can help to capture some of the uniquely rich personal and subjective aspects of the change process in counseling. A variety of methods for accessing and representing cognitive structures are presented, some of which are illustrated in a brief case report. The advantages and limitations of the methods presented are discussed.     

Cognitive Resources and Leadership Performance: A Rejoinder

I feel very honoured by the distinguished group of colleagues who consented to comment on my paper. All raised thought-provoking questions which merit a detailed reply. I only regret that the strict space limitation imposed by the editor restricts my response to points on which my paper was unclear, and to a few important substantive issues. It would have been very satisfying to explore the many constructive and highly intriguing insights contained in the commentators' contributions.