A Simple Test of the Concurrent Validity of the Social Interest Index

To assess the concurrent validity of the Social Interest Index (SII), we examined the relationships between subjects' social interest scores and their number and frequency of social contacts. As hypothesized, subjects' SII scores were related in a positive, significant manner to their reported number of close friends, number of relatives they felt close to, and number of monthly friend/relative contacts (all ps < .01). The results, which showed a positive relationship between social interest and social contacts, support the concurrent validity of the SII.     

Interoceptive accuracy and panic

Psychophysiological models of panic hypothesize that panickers focus attention on and become anxious about the physical sensations associated with panic. Attention on internal somatic cues has been labeled interoception. The present study examined the role of physiological arousal and subjective anxiety on interoceptive accuracy. Infrequent panickers and nonanxious participants participated in an initial baseline to examine overall interoceptive accuracy. Next, participants ingested caffeine, about which they received either safety or no safety information. Using a mental heartbeat tracking paradigm, participants' count of their heartbeats during specific time intervals were coded based on polygraph measures. Infrequent panickers were more accurate in the perception of their heartbeats than nonanxious participants. Changes in physiological arousal were not associated with increased accuracy on the heartbeat perception task. However, higher levels of self-reported anxiety were associated with superior performance.     

观点采择对高中教师共情反应的影响:共情倾向的中介作用

为了探讨观点采择与共情倾向对高中教师共情反应的影响,164名高中教师完成了人际反应指数量表,并在三种不同的观点采择指导语下完成共情反应问卷。结果表明:(1)观点采择通过指导语操作检验有效;(2)情感观点采择下的共情反应显著高于认知观点采择下的共情反应;认知观点采择下的共情反应显著高于技术观点采择下的共情反应;(3)情感观点采择通过共情倾向的部分中介作用对共情反应产生影响,认知观点采择通过共情倾向的完全中介作用对共情反应产生影响。     

Exploring the career construction interview for vocational personality assessment

This mixed-methods study explored the validity and usefulness of the Career Construction Interview (CCI) with college students (n = 83) from a midsize Southern university. Using Pearson's r correlations, comparisons were made between the three-letter RIASEC Strong Interest Inventory (SII) theme code and RIASEC theme codes derived from coding the CCI narratives of the participants. Results indicated moderate correlation between the CCI and SII participant results.     

Enhancing the Benefits of Written Emotional Disclosure Through Response Training

Writing about a personal stressful event has been found to have psychological and physical health benefits, especially when physiological response increases during writing. Response training was developed to amplify appropriate physiological reactivity in imagery exposure. The present study examined whether response training enhances the benefits of written emotional disclosure. Participants were assigned to either a written emotional disclosure condition (n = 113) or a neutral writing condition (n = 133). Participants in each condition wrote for 20 minutes on 3 occasions and received response training (n = 79), stimulus training (n = 84) or no training (n = 83). Heart rate and skin conductance were recorded throughout a 10-minute baseline, 20-minute writing, and a 10-minute recovery period. Self-reported emotion was assessed in each session. One month after completing the sessions, participants completed follow-up assessments of psychological and physical health outcomes. Emotional disclosure elicited greater physiological reactivity and self-reported emotion than neutral writing. Response training amplified physiological reactivity to emotional disclosure. Greater heart rate during emotional disclosure was associated with the greatest reductions in event-related distress, depression, and physical illness symptoms at follow-up, especially among response trained participants. Results support an exposure explanation of emotional disclosure effects and are the first to demonstrate that response training facilitates emotional processing and may be a beneficial adjunct to written emotional disclosure.     

Specificity in interest measurement: Basic Interest Scales and major field of study

The Basic Interest Scales (BISs) of the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994) have a 35-year history. The BISs are the specific content scales of the SII, as opposed to the SII general content scales, the General Occupational Themes (GOTs), which measure the six Holland (1997) RIASEC themes. Using 17,074 participants from the 1994 SII national norm group who majored in 24 different areas, this study examined the incremental value of the specific BISs over the general GOTs in explaining major field of education or training. Multivariately, discriminant function analyses were used to compare the ability of the set of the six GOTs and the set of the 25 BISs to predict the 24 major fields. Results showed substantial increases in explanatory power when the BISs were added to the GOTs. For 22 of the 24 fields, the addition of BISs to the GOTs added significantly to prediction of the major. These results showed that specific interest scales, such as the BISs, are highly useful in explaining specific criteria, such as choice of major field of education or training.     

Response reversals in recognition memory

Using a dynamic sequential sampling model and a recently proposed model for confidence judgments in recognition memory (T. Van Zandt, 2000b), the authors examine the tendency for rememberers to reverse their responses after a primary decision. In 4 experiments, speeded "old"-"new" decisions were made under bias followed by a 2nd response', either a confidence judgment or another simple choice. The data from these experiments showed that participants know when they have made a mistake and that they respond to this knowledge by reversing their responses. Response reversals are thus shown to be important for constructing models of the response-selection process in recognition memory.     

Information leakage in the Response Time‐Based Concealed Information Test

The Response Time‐Based Concealed Information Test (RT‐CIT) can reveal when a person recognizes a relevant (probe) item among other, irrelevant items, based on comparatively slow responses to the probe item. For example, if a person is concealing his or her true identity, one can use the suspected identity details as probes, and other, random details as irrelevants. However, in our study, we show that even when participants are merely informed about such probes (i.e., the relevant identity details) before performing the RT‐CIT, their responses will also be slower to these details. Hence, it is more difficult to distinguish such innocent but pre‐informed persons from actually guilty persons. At the same time, we introduce a CIT version with familiarity‐related inducer stimuli, but with no targets, that elicits probe‐minus‐irrelevant RT differences only among guilty participants but not among informed innocent participants. Implications for the theory and the application of CITs are discussed.     

A Comparison of the TAT,CAT and CAT-H among Second Grade Girls

The TAT, CAT and CAT-H were administered to second grade girls and compared in terms of psychological usefulness on four dependent measures. The dependent measures were (a) Transcendence Index, (b) Word Count, (c) Response Organization and (d) Response Creativity. The results indicated that the CAT and CAT-H were more useful instruments for this age group.     

Global interference and spatial uncertainty in the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART)

The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) is a Go–No-Go signal detection task developed to measure lapses of sustained conscious attention. In this study, we examined the impact global interference and spatial uncertainty has on SART performance. Ten participants performed either a SART (high-Go) or a traditionally formatted (low-Go) version of a global–local stimuli detection task with spatially certain and uncertain signals. Reaction time in the SART was insensitive to global interference and spatial uncertainty, whereas reaction time in the low-Go task was sensitive. Spatial uncertainty increased errors of omission in the SART, which was not expected if the SART measures mindlessness. There was a high correlation between participants’ errors of commission rate and their reaction time in the SART. The results, overall, support the view that the SART is a better measure of response strategy than lapses in sustained attention or mindlessness.     

A Systematic Review of Online Response Rates in Four Counseling Journals

This systematic review of articles published in 4 counseling journals found 207 articles that used online recruitment, of which 98 (47.3%) reported a response rate. These 98 studies collectively contained 22,466 individual participants. Results showed that nearly one third of all empirical articles used online recruitment, and the average response rate was 34.2% (SD = 22.6). Response rates are further described by journal, population, research methodology, and recruitment strategy. Researcher‐reported issues with online recruitment and data collection were also analyzed qualitatively, and recommendations for researchers are discussed.     

多维项目反应理论等级反应模型

基于因子分析和单维项目反应理论的多维项目反应理论是测量理论的新发展方向之一。但是, 多维项目反应理论仍处于不成熟的发展阶段, 多数研究也只是以二级评分为主。本文首先介绍了逻辑斯蒂形式的多维等级反应模型, 并以二维等级反应模型为例, 分析了模型的数学函数图像及其性质。然后, 推导出了多维等级反应模型的项目信息函数, 并结合实例进行了讨论。进一步地, 本文阐述了使用联合极大似然估计和马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法估计多维等级反应模型参数的思想。最后, 指出了一些有待研究的问题。     

Satiation Therapy and Exposure Response Prevention in the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

The purpose of present study was to test the comparative effectiveness of Satiation Therapy and Exposure Response Prevention techniques in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disordered patients. Sixty self-referred male outpatient cases were investigated within a randomized controlled trial. Patients were allocated to Satiation Therapy, Exposure Response Prevention or wait-list control groups. Obsessive–compulsive symptoms were measured by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale at baseline, post-treatment, and 3 and 6 month follow-ups. The therapeutic groups had more significant improvement than the control group. In addition, there was not a significant difference between therapeutic groups on post-treatment and follow-up assessments which showed that Satiation Therapy and Exposure Response Prevention were similarly effective in reducing obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Analyses revealed that therapeutic groups had improved significantly while the control group had continued unchanged. Finally, the present investigation supported both Satiation Therapy and Exposure Response Prevention in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder.     

Response priming with apparent motion primes

Response priming refers to the finding that a prime stimulus preceding a target stimulus influences the response to the following target stimulus. Typically, responses are faster and more accurate if the prime calls for the same response as the target (i.e., compatible trials), as compared with the situation where primes and targets trigger different responses (i.e., incompatible trials). However, the effect depends on presentational and temporal parameters such as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of prime and target, or prime duration. Until now, the special role of moving stimuli was largely ignored. In the present research, experiments were conducted using clearly visible moving dots as primes and static arrows as targets. Essentially, with short SOAs up to 200 ms, participants responded faster to compatible targets. In contrast, with SOAs above 200 ms, participants responded faster to incompatible targets. The results were compared with response priming with static primes. Here, a different pattern of results emerged, with faster responses to compatible than incompatible targets at a long SOA of 300 ms. Overall, the experiments provide evidence for the existence of an inhibitory mechanism in action control when (distracting) motion stimuli are present. Results could be explained with slight changes to different accounts of negative response priming effects, as well as theories of attention.     

Shame as a prospective predictor of self-inflicted injury in borderline personality disorder: A multi-modal analysis

The primary aim of this study was to examine the prospective association of shame with self-inflicted injury (SII), including suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury, among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) who were enrolled in a clinical trial (N = 77). A multi-method approach was used to assess self-reported shame, nonverbal shame behaviors, and assessor ratings of shame during an interview regarding antecedents for a recent episode of SII. Higher levels of nonverbal shame behaviors predicted a higher likelihood of subsequent SII, and shorter time to SII, after controlling for past SII as well as other emotions associated with SII. Self-reported state shame and assessor ratings of shame were associated with prospective SII, but not after controlling for other emotions. These findings underscore the important role of shame in SII, particularly shame in the presence of contextual prompts for events that surround episodes of SII.     

A construct validation study of the Response Styles Questionnaire Rumination Scale in participants with a recent-onset major depressive episode

This study examined the construct validity and clinical utility of S. Nolen-Hoeksema's (1991) Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) Rumination scale. Eighty-eight participants with recent-onset major depressive episodes were assessed and followed for 6 months, using semistructured interviews and self-report inventories. The RSQ Rumination scale exhibited poor 6-month stability and appeared to be closely linked to participants' clinical status-mood state. The scale was significantly correlated with conceptually related constructs such as emotion-focused coping, negative affectivity-temperament, and self-criticism. However, baseline negative temperament and self-criticism predicted key aspects of the 6-month course and outcome of major depressive episodes, whereas baseline rumination did not. Finally, rumination appeared to be closely associated with the severity of the depressive episode, rather than defining a distinct clinical subtype.     

亮度对空间-数字反应编码联合效应的影响

本研究探讨亮度对空间-数字反应编码联合效应（Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes,简称SNARC效应）的影响及其机制。通过三个实验设计不同的亮度对比水平,要求被试对阿拉伯数字1~9（5除外）进行奇偶判断。实验一将数字亮度设为最高值255时,结果出现了数字的SNARC效应。实验二将数字的亮度值分别设为255和213时,结果仍存在SNARC效应。实验三将亮度值分别设置为213和42时,数字的SNARC效应却消失了。这些结果表明亮度会激活或抑制数字的空间表征,可能与亮度对比值的高低及所消耗认知资源的多少有关。     

Translation and Validation of the Chinese Form of the Strong Interest Inventory

A Chinese form of the 1994 Strong Interest Inventory (SII) was developed through a three‐step translation process. The translated version was judged to show linguistic or inferential equivalence to the SII in English. Field‐testing data based on two Chinese samples ( N ₁ = 124, N ₂ = 40) and one American sample ( N ₃ = 52) provided additional support on metric equivalence between the SII and the SII‐Chinese. Correlational analysis, paired t ‐test, and profile analysis consistently demonstrated that the SII and SII‐Chinese yielded highly comparable results at all three levels of measurement—General Occupational Themes (GOT), Basic Interest Scales (BIS), and Occupational Scales (OS). Statistically significant difference between the SII and SII‐Chinese was found only on one basic scale and two occupational scales in selected male and female subsamples. Factor analysis, using maximum likelihood extraction and oblique rotation, identified six broad occupational interest dimensions on the SII‐Chinese: Enterprising (E), Investigative (I), Artistic (A), Public (P), Realistic (R), and Social (S). Implications for further adapting the SII‐Chinese to better fit the Chinese culture and to be used as an assessment tool in China are discussed.     

被试作答的偶然性对IRT能力估计的影响研究

被试能力参数估计是项目反应理论应用研究最重要的技术之一。本文在理想的测验情境下,研究被试作答的偶然性对被试能力值估计的影响。研究设计了被试作答的两种偶然性情况：一是偶然做对了一道项目难度高于其能力值的试题,二是偶然做错了一道或几道项目难度低于其能力值的试题．然后分别探讨了这两种情况下对被试的能力估计所带来的影响,并且就如何消除这些偶然性所带来的影响提出了相应的方法。     

A Variable Response Inconsistency scale and a True Response Inconsistency scale for the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory

Variable Response Inconsistency (M-VRIN) and True Response Inconsistency (M-TRIN) scales were developed for the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory using 104 male and 78 female delinquents, ages 13-17 years. M-VRIN efficacy was assessed by comparing nonrandom protocols of 76 male and 34 female delinquents, ages 13-17 years, with 100 computer-generated random protocols. Nonrandom protocols were screened using a matched-pair Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent or Jesness Inventory. M-TRIN efficacy was assessed by comparing protocols with 160 simulated acquiescent and nonacquiescent protocols. Specificities of .95 or higher showed sensitivities up to .89 for M-VRIN, and .90 and .79 for M-TRIN. Predictive power and overall effectiveness are reported for several base rates. Small relationships may exist between M-VRIN and race, and between M-TRIN and gender.