Orthodox–Reformed Dialogue and the Ecumenical Recovery of Theosis

Agreement about theosis in Orthodox–Reformed dialogues played a small but strategic role in the ecumenical recovery of the patristic doctrine of deification and its emergence as a locus of Reformed theology. Ecumenical dialogue helped dispel the idea that theosis is a distinctively Orthodox doctrine incompatible with the Western tradition. This idea was first propounded in the 19th century by Albrecht Ritschl, Ferdinand Kattenbusch, Adolf von Harnack, and others associated with the Ritschlian school. It was later appropriated by émigré Orthodox scholars. Orthodox–Reformed dialogue helped correct this and other misconceptions about theosis. This began informally in correspondence between Thomas F. Torrance and Georges Florovsky and continued in formal dialogue meetings. Orthodox–Reformed dialogue also highlighted patristic ways of thinking about salvation that were not then prominent in Reformed theology. However, as the Reformed participants consulted the works of John Calvin, they realized that he shared those patristic ways of thinking. Today, Reformed theologians are eager contributors to the ecumenical recovery of theosis. They increasingly discuss theosis as a doctrine native to the Reformed tradition.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Pioneer of Unity: Metrophanes Kritopoulos (1589–1639) and Relations between the Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Reformed Churches, by Colin Davey. What Language Shall I Borrow? God-Talk in Worship: A Male Response to Feminist Theology, by Brian Wren. Mandatum Unitatis. Beiträge zur Ökumene, by Cardinal Johannes Willebrands. Keeping the Church Catholic with John Paul II, by Msgr. George A. Kelly.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Titus Presler, Transfigured Night: Mission and Culture in Zimbabwe's Vigil Movement. Aart van den Berg, God and the Economy: Analysis and Typology of Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Ecumenical and Evangelical Theological Documents on the Economy, 1979–1992. Robert Benedetto, Darrel L. Guder, Donald McKim, eds, Historical Dictionary of Reformed Churches     

The Twofold Life of the Word: Karl Barth's Critical Reception of the Extra Calvinisticum

Though the extra Calvinisticum has played an historically important role for Christology, the doctrine has been criticized not only by Lutherans and modern Christologies ‘from below’ but by some Reformed thinkers as well. This article examines the place of the extra in dogmatic thinking about the incarnation: specifically, Karl Barth's critical response to his own tradition. After examining the differences between Lutheran and Reformed construals of the relationship of the Logos asarkos to the Logos ensarkos I take up Barth's views on the extra, which over the course of his career moved from enthusiastic affirmation to a sharp critique. Finally, I suggest that Barth's mature Christology retains the best of both Protestant positions by correcting a critical inconsistency in Reformed thought. He does not reject the doctrine of the Logos asarkos, but he does suggest a way in which this is related to the life of the Logos ensarkos that marginalizes the former. Barth is right not to discard the extra, but also that it has been misused in how it is deployed in dogmatic theology.     

In the Triune Name: Some Aspects of Baptismal Practice in Early Reformed Churches

Abstract

Within the wider Reformation in the sixteenth century, liturgical development of the early Reformed tradition saw a major departure from the rites of the medieval Catholic church including those for baptism. Part of this shift was determined by the spatial setting for baptism as well as by differences in the form of water container used for the rite. This article explores some of the baptismal practices that developed in early Reformed churches in light of such factors, and in relation to the understanding of the notion of adiaphora. After a brief reflection on the variety of ritual usage, the study examines the setting for baptism at the heart of the worshipping community along with the three types of water container used at the critical moment of baptism: the font, the ewer, and the basin. It concludes by noting that such diversity is characteristic of the multi-stranded Reformed tradition.     

'Honouring the Spirit': Analysis and Evaluation of Jonathan Edwards' Pneumatological Doctrine of the Incarnation

Abstract: This article analyses and evaluates Jonathan Edwards’ mature thought on (1) the role of the Spirit in the hypostatic union of God with humanity in the incarnation of Christ, and (2) the nature of that humanity (fallen or unfallen?). The influence of the notion of correspondence between this and the other two pneumatological unions that characterize Edwards’ trinitarian theology (the Trinity and theosis) is noted. Evaluation of Edwards’ thought is made in light of patristic, Reformed‐Puritan (principally Calvin, Owen, Barth) perspectives on the nature and importance of the incarnation, and with reference to contemporary Edwardsean scholarship and that concerning the fallen–unfallen humanity issue.     

Eucharistic Action in Early Reformed Churches

Abstract

One of the most significant changes in the use of spaces in early Reformed churches was a shift in the main locus of worship from the chancel to the nave, accompanied by a new emphasis on preaching. But the cause of the greatest controversy within the emerging Reformed tradition (as well as between the Reformed and Lutheran Reformations) was undoubtedly the nature of Christ's presence at communion, and a great deal of theological energy was expended on this issue. On the other hand, scant attention seems to have been paid to the way in which the ‘holy mysteries’ of bread and wine were received by the people, even though the moment of reception was likely to be the high point of the eucharistic service for them, the moment when each would enter into communion with Christ. Many reformers—including Bullinger and Calvin—claimed that the mode of reception (whether into the hand first or directly into the mouth) and the posture adopted by the communicant for reception (whether kneeling, standing, or sitting) were matters of indifference—adiaphora—and should be left to each church to decide. This resulted in the development of various forms of eucharistic action within the early Reformed churches, which is the subject of this paper.     

From Latimer's Fellow-martyr to the ‘English Calvin': Nicholas Ridley's Reputation and the Circulation of A brief declaracion of the Lordes Supper, 1555-1570

Abstract

Nicholas Ridley, the Edwardian Bishop of London, was executed in 1555 during Mary Tudor's reign. An active publicist, he composed in prison a didactic treatise that promoted the Reformed view of the Eucharist and was published in Emden (1555) and in Strasbourg (1556). In 1556, A brief declaracion found its way to Geneva where a community of English exiles had it translated into Latin (Conrad Badius then issued a version in French). Not only did the translation acquire a polemical edge, but certain allusions, scattered in the preface and in the margins of the text, turned Ridley's treatise into a ‘Calvinist’ manifesto at a time when Calvin was ardently defending his views against the Lutheran polemicist, Westphal. Meanwhile, Jean Crespin made use of Badius's version in his martyrologies and reprinted Ridley's treatise in his 1570 edition. Whereas in England, Ridley's works began to be perceived as controversial after Mary's death, Crespin and Beza (Icones, 1580) kept his treatise alive and heralded him as the ‘English Calvin’ in French Reformed circles.     

Book Reviews

King, Nicholas Hearing the New Testament: Strategies for Interpretation (edited by Joel B. Green) Alison, James Resurrection Reconsidered (edited by Gavin D’Costa) Alison, James The Beginning and End of ‘Religion’ (by Nicholas Lash) Main, Roderick The Allure of Gnosticism: The Gnostic Experience in Jungian Psychology and Contemporary Culture (edited by Rogert Segal with June Singer and Murray Stein) Deane-Drummond, Celia Beliefs and Biology: Theories of Life and Living (by Jennifer Trusted) Thomas, Janice The Mind and its World (by Gregory McColloch) Meynell, Hugo Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (byRobin Le Poidevin) Meynell, Hugo Philosophical Idealism and Christian Belief (by Alan F. P. Sell) Waterfield, Robin The Dialogues of Plato, Volume 3: Ion, Hippias Minor, Laches, Protagoras (trans. and comment. by R. E. Allen); The Plato Reader (by T. D. J. Chappell) Levi, Anthony Michel de Certau: Interpretation and its Other (by Jeremy Ahearne) Saliba, John Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers and Rajneesh Lovers: Women’s Roles in New Religions (by Susan Jean Palmer) Craske, Jane Feminism and Christian Ethics (by Susan Frank Parsons) Linnane, Brian Christian Perspectives on Sexuality and Gender (edited by Adrian Thatcher and Elizabeth Stuart) d’Ardenne, Patricia Men, Women, Passion and Power: Gender Issues in Psychotherapy (by Marie Maguire); Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader (edited by Stevi Jackson and Sue Scott) Creagh-Fuller, Tomas Law and Family in Late Antiquity (by Judith Evans Grubbs) King, Nicholas Lydia’s Impatient Sisters: A Feminist Social History of Early Christianity (by Luise Schottroff) Laird, Martin Collectanea Augustiniana. Augustine: Mystic and Mystagogue (edited by Frederick Van Fleteren, Joseph C. Schaubelt O.S.A. and Joseph Reino) Louth, Andrew The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion (Jessica A. Coope) Swanson, R. N. Peter des Roches: An Alien in English Politics, 1205–1238 (by Nicholas Vincent) Swanson, R. N. Runaway Religions in Medieval England c. 1240–1540 (by F. Donald Logan) Fox, Rory Aquinas and the Jews (by John Y. B. Hood) Hamilton, Alistair The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence 1494–1545 Hamilton, Alastair Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy: The Life and Career of Cardinal Francesco Soderini, 1453–1524 (by K. J. P. Lowe) Swanson, R. N. The Cartulary of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in England, Part 2: Prima Camera Essex (edited by Michael Gervers) McCoog, Thomas M. The Jesuit Mystique (by Douglas Letson and Michael Higgins); The Jesuits: A Story of Power (by Alain Woodrow) Levi, Anthony Collected Works of Erasmus (University of Toronto Press – various volumes involving various translators, annotators and editors) McCoog, Thomas, M. Voracious Idols & Violent Hands (by Lee Palmer Wandel) Ditchfield, Simon Right Thinking and Sacred Oratory in Counter-Reformation Rome (by Frederick J. McGinness) Chibi, Andrew, A. Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought 1600–1640 (by Anthony Milton) Butler, Perry The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society (by Frances Knight) Aspinwall, Bernard The Catholic Philanthropic Tradition in America (by Mary J. Oates) Kollar, RenéFaith and Family: The Life and Circle of Ambrose Phillipps de Lisle (by Margaret Pawley)     

Not Scotist

Abstract

Several lines of recent scholarship have identified developing Protestant thought as Scotist and, specifically, have contended a dominance of the Scotist concept of the univocity of being in early modern Protestantism. The present essay examines early-modern Reformed metaphysics and theology and demonstrates that the contention is unfounded. Rather, the more typical approach to the language of being and related issues of predication concerning God and creatures in Reformed circles was advocacy of the analogia entis, often understood in a classical Thomist manner as an analogy of proportionality.     

Mozart Among the Theologians

The essay compares and contrasts the philosophical, theological, and aesthetic approaches to Mozart in the writings of Søren Kierkegaard's aesthete A (Either/Or, I), Karl Barth (primarily Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), and Hans Küng (Mozart: Traces of Transcendence). Whereas Kierkegaard's A outlines a non‐religious ‘daemonic Mozart’, Barth and Küng depict two contrasting theological understandings of Mozart's music. Barth's Mozart reflects a Reformed aesthetic, with Mozart as a ‘parable’ of gospel, whereas Küng's Mozart reflects a Roman Catholic ‘sacramental’ vision of music and religious faith. The essay explores how these different visions of Mozart are shaped by both their theological and aesthetic commitments.     

REVIEWS

Prophecy and Canon. A contribution to the study of Jewish origins. By J. Blenkin Yahweh as Prosecutor and Judge: An Investigation of the Prophetic Lawsuit (Rib-Pattern). By Kirsten Nielsen Heil für die Heiden. Zur Bedeutung und Geschichte der Tradition vom besessenen Gerasener. By Franz Annen Der Tod Jesu: Deutungen im Neuen Testament. Edited by K. Kertelge The Calvary Christ. By Gerald O'Collins The Evangelists' Calendar: A Lectionary Explanation of the Development of Scripture. By M.D. Goulder Attempt at a Critique of all Revelation. By J.F. Fichte, translated with an introduction by Garrett Green The Correspondence Theory of Truth. By D.J. O'Connor Paradoxes of Knowledge. By E.H. Wolgast New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. By F.A. Hayek Analysis of Happiness. By Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz The Unconscious, a Conceptual Analysis. By A.C. Maclntyre The Psychological Basis of Morality. By F.C.T. Moore Moral Reasoning: A Psychological-Philosophical Integration. By William D. Boyce and Larry Cyril Jensen Reason and Religion. Edited by Stuart C. Brown Religion without Explanation. By D.Z. Phillips Hume's Philosophy of Religion. By J.C.A. Gaskin Lactance et son Temps: Recherches Actuelles. Edited by J. Fontaine and M. Perrin The Library of Lactantius. By R.M. Ogilvie The Fourth Crusade. By D.E. Queller Dante's ‘Paradiso’ and the Limitations of Modern Criticism. By Robin Kirkpatrick Calvinist Preaching and Iconoclasm in the Netherlands 1544–1569. By Phyllis Mack Crew Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the Counter-Reformation. By Jean Delumeau Bérulle aujourd'hui: pour une spiritualité del'humanité du Christ. By Fernando Guillén Preckler Catholic Revivalism: The American Experience 1830–1900. By Jay P. Dolan God, Church and Flag. By Donald F. Crosby Tradition and the Modem World: Reformed Theology in the Nineteenth Century. By B.A. Gerrish The Militant Gospel. By Alfredo Fierro Catholic Education: The Unobtrusive Partner. By Michael P. Hornsby-Smith     

Church discipline and excommunication

Abstract

A perspective of the Reformed conception of church discipline in the sixteenth century has highlighted two models: the disciplinarian one associated with Geneva and the magistratical one identified with Zurich. This essay argues that a simple binary distinction between the Geneva and Zurich models of church discipline is inadequate to account for the complexity and diversity of sixteenth-century Reformed theological positions, particularly as represented in the articulations of the influential reformer, Peter Martyr Vermigli.     

Faculty Perceptions of Institutional Commitment to the Scholarship of Engagement

This study examined social perceptions that full-time faculty hold about their institutional commitment to the scholarship of engagement. The Sample included full-time faculty (n = 274) serving in member institutions of the Association of Reformed Institutions in Higher Education (ARIHE) in the United States. Two primary research questions were explored. The first examined social perceptions in 3 categories: faculty colleagues, institutional mission, and faculty reward system. Strong (positive) perceptions were reported for faculty colleagues and institutional mission, but not faculty reward system. The second examined social perceptions based on 7 independent variables. Results of analysis found significance (p < 0.05) with faculty workload requirements.     

Robert Rollock on covenant and sacrament

Abstract

This contribution presents two, less-well-known texts from the Latin corpus of the Scottish theologian, Robert Rollock (d.1599). Rollock significantly informed the evolution of thinking on the divine covenants by virtue of his relatively unprecedented, mature doctrine of a pre-Fall ‘covenant of works’ between God and humankind. Historians of Reformed theology have long recognized Rollock’s importance in this regard, but their familiarity with his doctrine has stemmed almost entirely from Tractatus de vocatione efficaci(1597). The Scot advanced his covenant doctrine in other, earlier texts, including a brief catechism on the covenants (1596) and a series of short tracts published with his Romans commentary (1593). The tracts are particularly noteworthy since, given the popularity of Rollock’s biblical commentaries in his day, these texts were very likely read more widely than his later catechism or Tractatus; they likely served as the principal vehicle through which his covenantal ideas were disseminated. Two tracts, De foedere Dei and De sacramento, are offered here in English translation, thus affording readers access to Rollock’s earliest covenantal ideas, influential in Reformed thought.     

Book Reviews

Keith W. Whitelam. The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History. John M. G. Barclay. Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE). R. J. Zwi Werblowsky and Geoffrey Wigoder (Eds) The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Chaim Stern. Pirke Avot: Wisdom of the Jewish Sages. Gillian R. Evans. Method of Ecumenical Theology: The Lessons So Far. Eamon Duffy. Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes. James A. Francis. Subversive Virtue: Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World. Vladimir Koudelka. Dominic. Inge B. Milfull. The Hymns of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Vickie B. Sullivan. Machiavelli's Three Romes: Religion, Human Liberty and Politics Reformed. Hans-Peter Grosshans. Luther. Christopher Haigh.English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors. Andrew Pettegree. Marian Protestantism: Six Studies. Michael C. Questier. Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580–1625. Kenneth Hylson-Smith. The Churches in England from Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II. Gerald Bray (Ed) Documents of the English Reformation. James E. Force and Richard H. Popkin (Eds) The Books of Nature and Scripture: Recent Essays on Natural Philosophy, Theology and Biblical Criticism in the Netherlands of Spinoza's Time and the British Isles of Newton's Time. Henry Phillips. Church and Culture in Seventeenth-Century France. D. George Boyce and Alan O'Day (Eds) The Making of Modern Irish History: Revisionism and the Revisionist Controversy. Roy R. Robson. Old Believers in Modern Russia. Stephen K. Batalden (Ed) Seeking God: The Recovery of Religious Identity in Orthodox Russia, Ukraine and Georgia. Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach and David Basinger (Eds) Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings. Julie K. Ward (Ed) Feminism and Ancient Philosophy. John M. Cooper (Ed) Plato: Complete Works. By Stephen Everson. Aristotle on Perception. Jonathan Barnes and Miriam Griffin (Eds) Philosophia Togata II: Plato and Aristotle at Rome. M. B. Trapp. Maximus of Tyre: The Philosophical Orations, Translated with Introduction and Notes. John Marenbon. The Philosophy of Peter Abelard. Gordon Baker and Katherine J. Morris. Descartes' Dualism. David DeGrazia. Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status. B. Doherty and M. de Geus (Eds) Democracy and Green Political Thought.     

Reformed and Radically Orthodox?: Participatory Metaphysics,Reformed Scholasticism and Radical Orthodoxy's Critique of Modernity

Radical Orthodoxy locates the intellectual roots of secular modernity in the attenuation of Thomistic participatory metaphysics in the late medieval period. John Milbank implicates Reformational theologies in this unintentionally secularizing movement. I examine seventeenth‐century Reformed scholastic Stephen Charnock, contending that he articulates an account of participatory metaphysics similar to Thomas Aquinas, and even further, fails to exhibit the negative trends which Milbank and Catherine Pickstock associate with Scotus and the via moderna. This analysis of Charnock calls into question the location of Reformed theology in Radical Orthodoxy's genealogy of secular modernity, and opens up possibilities for rapprochement between Reformed theology and Radical Orthodoxy.     

Calvin and the Ecclesiastical Power of Jurisdiction

Abstract

This study offers a hypothesis that the two marks of the Church in the Calvinist Reformed tradition, together with its disciplinary power, restate the twin classical powers granted to the Church in Catholic tradition, namely the powers of order and jurisdiction. Unlike Luther, for whom the chief ecclesiastical power was the authority to preach and teach, Calvin not only acknowledges the teaching and sacramental functions of the Church, but also stressed a jurisdictional power (jurisdictio fori) with autonomous legislative and judicial competence. This jurisdictional dimension is the key to explaining the role played by Geneva-inspired Reformed churches vis-à-vis the State and differences from other other Protestant traditions.     

Short Notices

John Bowker (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of Religions Charles Kurzman (ed.), Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook Erhard S. Gerstenberger, translated by John Bowen, T & T Clark, Theologies in the Old Testament G. McConville, Exploring the Old Testament: The Prophets J. A. Cerrato, Hippolytus Between East and West: The Commentaries and the Provenance of the Corpus, Sacha Stern, Calendar and Community Mark A. Matson, John David Instone‐Brewer, Divorce and Remarriage in the Bible: The Social and Literary Context Hans‐Ruedi Weber, Walking on the Way: Biblical Signposts V. George Shillington, T & T Clark, Reading the Sacred Text: An Introduction to Biblical Studies Athalya Brenner and Jan Willem van Henten (eds), Bible Translation on the Threshold of the Twenty‐First Century: Authority, Reception, Culture and Religion David M. Gunn and Paula M. NcNutt (eds), ‘Imagining’ Biblical Worlds: Studies in Spatial, Social and Historical Constructs in Honor of James W. Flanagan Charles H. Cosgrove, Appealing to Scripture in Moral Debate: Five Hermeneutical Rules Alastair G. Hunter and Philip R. Davies (eds), Sense and Sensitivity: Essays on Reading the Bible in Memory of Robert Carroll Peter Richardson, City and Sanctuary: Religion and Architecture in the Roman Near East Andrew Louth, St. John Damascene: Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology Carter Lindberg (ed.), The Reformation Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Modern Period Karl Barth, translated and annotated by Darrell L. Guder and Judith J. Guder, The Theology of the Reformed Confessions J.H.S. Kent, Wesley and the Wesleyans: Religion in Eighteenth‐Century Britain Stewart Brown, The National Churches of England, Ireland and Scotland 1801–46 Alex Gross, Yankele. A Holocaust Survivor's Bittersweet Memoir Anne H. Pinn and Anthony B. Pinn, Fortress Introduction to Black Church History José Oscar Beozzo and Luiz Carlos Susin (eds), Brazil: People and Church(es) Concilium Gerrie ter Haar and James J. Busuttil (eds), The Freedom To Do God's Will: Religious Fundamentalism and Social Change Paul F. Bradshaw (ed.), The New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship Pierre‐Francois de Bethune OSB, By Faith and Hospitality: The Monastic Tradition as a Model for Interreligious Encounter Gregory Collins, The Glenstal Book of Icons: Praying with the Glenstal Icons Noel Dermot O’Donoghue OFM, The Angels Keep Their Ancient Places: Reflections On Celtic Spirituality Gordon Lynch, Pastoral Care and Counselling James L. Wakefield, Jürgen Moltmann: A Research Bibliography Joshua Hoffman and Gary S. Rosenkrantz, The Divine Attributes: Exploring the Philosophy of Religion Fernando Savater, The Questions Of Life: An Invitation to Philosophy Graham Harvey (ed.), Readings in Indigenous Religions Steven J. Sutcliffe, Children of the New Age: A History of Spiritual Practices J.R. Watson, An Annotated Anthology of Hymns     

REVIEWS

Foundations: Essays in Philosophy, Logic, Mathematics and Economics. By F.P. Ramsey Mathematics, Matter and Method. By Hilary Putnam. The Mental as Physical. By Edgar Wilson. Philosophy As It Is. Edited and Introduced by Ted Honderich and Myles Burnyeat. On the History of Philosophy. By F.C. Copleston. The Existence of God. By Richard Swinburne. The Art and Thought of Heraclitus. By Charles H. Kahn. Heraclitus Seminar 1966/7. By Martin Heidegger and Eugene Fink Natural Rights Theories. By Richard Ruck. Women in Western Political Thought. By Susan Moller Okin. Practical Ethics. By Peter Singer. The Just King: Monarchical Judicial Authority in Ancient Israel. By K.W. Whitelam. The Art of God Incarnate. By Aidan Nichols. An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition: A Way of Being the Christian Community. By John H. Leith. Third-Eye Theology: Theology in Formation in Asia. By C.S. Song. A Short History of Buddhism. By Edward Conze. The Journey to the West. Translated and edited by Anthony C. Yu. Studies in Islamic Mysticism. By R.A. Nicholson. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. By A.A. Bennigsen and E.S. Wimbush. Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. By Thomas F. Glick. Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade. By W.C. Jordan. Jewish Society in Fez 1450–1700. By Jane S. Gerber. Tormented Master: A Life of Rabbi Nahman of Bratzla^y. By Arthur Green. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. By Frances A. Yates. Church and Society in Catholic Europe of the Eighteenth Century. Edited by William J. Callahan and David Higgs. Poverty and Prostitution: A Study of Victorian Prostitution in York. By Frances Finnegan. Families in Former Times. By J.-L. Flandrin. The Roman Catholic Church in Ireland and the Fall of Parnell, 1888–1891. By Emmet Larkin. Action Française and Revolutionary Syndicalism. By Paul Mazgaj. The New Inquisition? Schillebeeckx and Küng. By Peter Hebblethwaite. Blake and the New Age. By Kathleen Raine. Creative Man. By Erich Neumann. Montague Rhodes James. By R.W. Pfaff.