病毒“致”癌与“治”癌

癌症是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病，几乎有15％～20％的癌症是由病毒感染导致。研究病毒与癌症之间的相互关系，除了阐明癌症的病因学之外，更有助于发现和分析癌症发生、发展的机制，从而为人类最终战胜癌症这一病魔奠定了基础。     

病毒"致"癌与"治"癌

癌症是一种严重危害人类生命健康的疾病,几乎有15%～20%的癌症是由病毒感粢导致.研究病毒与癌症之间的相互关系,除了阐明癌症的病因学之外,更有助于发现和分析癌症发生、发展的机制,从而为人类最终战胜癌症这一病魔奠定了基础.     

疼痛治疗方法在晚期癌痛病人中的应用

癌症是当今严重威胁人类健康和生命的疾病之一。解除癌症疼痛对改善晚期癌症患者的生存质量、延长生存期都具有十分重要的意义。癌痛的诊断和合理的疼痛评估是治疗癌痛的基础。癌症疼痛的治疗方法虽有多种,但其目的就是使用最佳方法解除患者痛苦,消除疼痛,从而提高生存质量。因此本文从科学的角度对晚期癌痛的治疗方法进行评价和阐述。     

学会健“心”

随着现代医学和生物工程技术的飞速发展,下一个世纪的残疾人将不是那些肢体残缺者,癌症和爱滋病等也将不再成为绝症。然而,一种无形的杀手正在向人类社会逼近,它,就是“心理病”。     

浅谈饮食与癌

不同国家不同地区在癌症发病率的差异很可能与不同国家、不同地区人民的饮食习惯有着密切的关系 ,某些食物中含有潜在致癌物 ,而某些食物的成份又有助于预防癌的发生。目前媒介也把主要注意力放在食物与癌的关系上。研究表明 ,因癌症死亡的人中有 35%是饮食方面的原因 ,但食物致癌的论点又常常引起争论。ｌ　吸烟与癌1.ｌ　吸烟造成的癌死亡率占全部癌症死亡率的30 % :吸烟是人类患癌的主要原因 ,吸烟与肺癌发病有直接关系 ,80 %的肺癌是吸烟所致[1] 。由于肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤 ,占全部癌病死亡率的 2 0 %以上[1] 。吸烟还与其它几种癌的…     

导言:让癌症患者从“活下来”到“活得好”

<正>近些年,一个日益受到关注的"癌症生存者"群体正在悄然形成,癌症生存者作为一个专业名词也逐渐被业内人士所熟悉。2016年的美国《NCCN癌症生存者指南》认为,癌症生存者是指那些"自癌症诊断之时起,生活得到平衡,其家庭成员、朋友和看护人员也受到影响"的癌症患者。这个指南所关注的重点是:"癌症诊断和治疗对成人癌症生存者所产生     

"向癌症宣战"计划的经验教训

随着恶性肿瘤对人类健康的威胁越来越显著,人们强烈希望能够控制癌症,1971年美国开始实行的国家癌症计划是这种希望的重要表示.该计划执行机构国家癌症研究所(NCI)的研究经费在过去30多年中增加了30多倍,但是肿瘤对人类的威胁并没有减轻.一批学者对计划指挥者的严厉批评也许对我国癌症控制能够提供一些启发.癌症预防联盟(CPC)发表的一篇报告认为由于NCI和ACS的渎职,我们输掉了这场本可以获胜的战争.癌症预防是降低癌症发病率的重要途径,一级预防是赢得这场抗癌之战的关键.我国的癌症控制策略应该借鉴美国的教训,把降低癌症发病率的重心放在减少环境中致癌物质污染、个体尽可能远离致癌物质的一级预防上.     

癌症生存者不能成为“失医者”

随着医疗技术的提高,癌症死亡率下降,癌症生存者逐渐成为一个庞大的群体。但是现有的医疗模式和医疗制度没有对这一人群给予足够的关注,使他们成为事实上的"失医者"。为解决这一问题,国外的同行们已经着手制定诊疗指南,旨在改善癌症生存者的生存质量。根据目前我国癌症患者的情况,可将癌症生存者分为两大类,即:"完全康复的癌症生存者"和"期待康复的癌症生存者"。不同的癌症生存者群体有各自的特殊需求。无论处于何种情况,他们都需要社会的关注和善待,从而摆脱失医状态,得到最适宜的治疗。     

“全息仪”专卖店还在卖

今年初亲友给我看了罗坤生著香港学峰文化事业公司1998年出版的《走出现代医学误区》一书,介绍他的“自然功”和“全息仪”前面插页有原中科院长赠罗坤生“开拓进取,大展鸿图”和全国气功协会秘书长的题词。 书中罗讲,根据他的研究,70％以上人得的是“虚症”包括癌症等都属“虚症”,都可用他发明     

远离“生命隐形杀手” 抑郁症

每个人都体验过伤心、忧郁等情绪低落的滋味,情绪起伏是正常现象,但长期的严重情绪低落就有可能导致抑郁症。抑郁是一种无法抗拒或自己并不知道的感觉,抑郁不分国籍性别年龄,它是到处存在的文明病,也是一种最普遍的精神疾病。世界卫生组织(WHO)在其最新报告《疾病的全球负担》中指出:“抑郁症是造成全球心因性疾病的主要原因。按WHO的统计,世界范围内近20年患病率为3～5%,在年满20岁的成年人口中抑郁症患者正以每年1～3%的速度在增加。”有资料显示,抑郁症的发病率已与冠心病持平,甚至高过癌症,已越来越严重地威胁到人类的健康。抑郁症属…     

系统视角下致癌基因与遗传背景的相互作用

肿瘤是当今人类生命健康的主要威胁之一。致癌基因与遗传背景和肿瘤的形成有密切关系。致癌基因与遗传背景,致癌基因与抗癌基因之间的时空结构和非线性作用都有可能使正常细胞恶变,导致肿瘤的形成。致癌基因与遗传背景实际上构成了细胞中的一个完整的遗传系统。本文试图用系统方法探讨两者的相互作用,以便更好地探讨肿瘤发生的机理和治疗手段。     

复发性阿弗他溃疡的发生与人类疱疹病毒的潜伏

复发性阿弗他溃疡（RAU）是口腔常见病,至今病因不明,治疗效果不佳,降低患者生存质量。本文对近17年复发性阿弗他溃疡与人类疱疹病毒的相关研究结果进行分析解剖,推测β型疱疹病毒的潜伏与复制的过程可能是RAU的重要发病机制之一。     

子宫内膜癌p72、AIB1、erbB-2的表达及其对雌激素受体活性的协同作用

为探讨p72、AIBl、erbB-2与雌激素受体（ERq）活性关系及意义,采用定量RT-PCR技术,检测不同分化程度的子宫内膜癌组织中ERa及其协同因子p72、AIBl、erbB-2的mRNA表达水平,并进行荧光素酶检测分析ERq活性与p72、AIBl、erbB-2表达的关系。结果显示,p72、AIBl和erbB-2的共同表达,促使雌激素受体的活性呈叠加增长。推测p72、AIBl与erbB-2对雌激素受体激活有相互促进作用。     

The emerging global brain 1

We are witnessing the rapid expansion of communications across the globe. Existing networks such as the postal system, telephone networks, airline ticket reservations, weather satellites, banking and stock market systems, etc., are rapidly being supplemented by the World Wide Net. The impact of this process will be two‐fold. First just as the printing press had a major impact on the collective intelligence of Europe, so will the world computer networks upgrade the collective intelligence of global society. Second, the properties of this constellation of systems, approach the anatomy of the human brain. The complexity of the global brain will result in properties, and an independence, which cannot be anticipated at this time.     

Cowden Syndrome: A Critical Review of the Clinical Literature

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi-system disease involving hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins and increased risks for thyroid, breast and possibly other cancers. Benign breast, thyroid, uterine and skin lesions are also common. Approximately 80% of patients with CS have an identifiable germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The majority of the existing data on the frequencies of component clinical features have been obtained from compilations of case reports in the literature, many of which predate the establishment in 1996 of consensus diagnostic criteria. Many of these reports also suffer from ascertainment bias which emphasized the dermatologic features of the disease. This paper presents an overview of Cowden syndrome focusing on a critical evaluation of the major literature on the component cancers, benign features, and molecular findings in CS, noting the limitations of the published data.     

Do behavioural self-blame and stigma predict positive health changes in survivors of lung or head and neck cancers?

Survivors of lung or head and neck cancers often change tobacco and alcohol consumption after diagnosis, but few studies have examined other positive health changes (PHCs) or their determinants in these groups. The present study aims to: (a) document PHCs in survivors of lung (n?=?107) or head and neck cancers (n?=?99) and (b) examine behavioural self-blame and stigma as determinants of PHCs. We hypothesised that: (a) survivors would make a variety of PHCs; (b) behavioural self-blame for the disease would positively predict making PHCs; and (c) stigma would negatively predict making PHCs.

Methods: Respondents self-administered measures of PHC, behavioural self-blame, and stigma. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis tested the hypotheses.

Results: More than 65% of respondents reported making PHCs, the most common being changes in diet (25%), exercise (23%) and tobacco consumption (16.5%). Behavioural self-blame significantly predicted PHCs but stigma did not. However, both behavioural self-blame and stigma significantly predicted changes in tobacco consumption.

Conclusions: Many survivors of lung or head and neck cancers engage in PHCs, but those who do not attribute the disease to their behaviour are less likely to do so. Attention to this problem and additional counselling may help people to adopt PHCs.     

Accuracy of Self-Reported Personal History of Cancer in an Outpatient Breast Center

The self-reporting of cancer history is becoming increasingly important, as it frequently guides medical decision-making. We studied the accuracy of personal cancer history using a self-administered questionnaire, comparing the results with the Tumor Registry at our institution. Among 39,662 records, we identified 3614 women with a single cancer in the Tumor Registry who reported none or one cancer on their questionnaire. The sensitivity in self-reporting cancers was 85.7%, ranging from 92.1% for breast cancer to 42.9% for leukemia. The accuracy for breast cancer and Hodgkin's Lymphoma was significantly better than other cancers (p=0.00027, CI: 1.4–3.88). Analysis of patient's characteristics showed that Caucasians reported breast cancer more accurately than Asian/Pacific Islanders (p=0.008), and those with Jewish ancestry more accurately than non-Jewish (p=0.0435). These results will help us to improve data collection and thus improve medical decision-making.     

关于结直肠患者的PCQ风险评分系统的运用进展

摘要：回顾关于结直肠患者的PCQ（patient consultation questionnaire,问卷量表一加权评分系统）风险评估体系自1999年产生以来的运用进展情况。查阅了1999年至今的相关文献,分析总结PCQ系统的评估原理、评估流程、评估效果,并作一综述。结果显示：PCQ系统对各种疾病的分辨能力较高,随着WNS（weighed numerical score,加权分数）分数的增加,各种疾病分数表现为阶梯状上升的层级分布图。癌症患者与非癌症患者的平均WNS分剐是70-80、40-55之间,有统计学意义。当以WNS分数60为界时,WNS系统的敏感度、特异度可分别达到86.5％、84.5％。以WNS50为转诊标准,仅40％的患者需紧急转诊,发现91％的癌症患者。提示PCQ系统的准确性高、特异性强,是一个很有发展前景的评估体系,可以进一步的开展多中心研究进行验证,进而推广使用并引进到中国。     

Lower Cancer Rates Among Druze Compared to Arab and Jewish Populations in Israel, 1999–2009

The Druze are a small ethnic minority in Israel amounting to about 130,000 residents (or 1.7 % of the total population of the country). Unlike other population groups, the Druze strive to keep their own traditions and marry mainly inside their own community. During the last decade, cancer morbidity among both Jews and Arabs in Israel has been increasing, while data on the Druze are little known and have not been analyzed and compared to other population groups to date. To compare cancer morbidity rates among Druze, Arabs and Jews in Israel during 1999–2009, gender-specific and age-standardized incidence rates of all site cancers and specific cancers of three population groups (Jews, Arabs and Druze) were received from the Israel National Cancer Registry for the period 1999–2009. Based on these rates, periodical incidence rates were calculated and mutually compared across the groups stratified by gender. As the analysis shows, the Druze had significantly lower cancer rates compared to both Arabs and Jews. Thus, for all site cancers, there were significantly higher cancer rates in Jewish males versus Druze males (RR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.16–1.65) and in Jewish females versus Druze females (RR = 1.53, 95 % CI = 1.27–1.85), but not statistically significant for Arab males versus Druze males (RR = 1.12 95 % CI = 0.93–1.35). Lung cancer rates in Arab males were also higher compared to Druze males (RR = 1.84, 95 % CI = 1.13–3.00). Jewish males had statistically significant higher rates of prostate cancer compared to Druze males (RR = 2.47, 95 % CI = 1.55–3.91). For thyroid and colon cancers, risks were not significantly different at the 95 % CI level; however, the risks were significantly different at the 90 % CI level (RR = 3.62, 90 % CI 1.20–11.02 and RR = 1.69, 90 % CI = 1.03–2.77, respectively). Jewish females had significantly higher rates of invasive breast cancer (RR = 2.25, 95 % CI = 1.55–3.25), in situ cervical cancer (RR = 4.01, 95 % CI = 1.27–12.66) and lung cancer (RR = 3.22, 95 % CI = 1.12–9.24) compared to Druze females. We thus observed lower cancer rates among Druze versus Arab and Jewish populations in Israel. A reason for these differences may be due to different nutritional habits. Druze still keep a less processed nutritional lifestyle, than is common in industrial society. There may also be other reasons that have not been identified yet.     

Current Lynch Syndrome Tumor Screening Practices: A Survey of Genetic Counselors

An electronic survey of the National Society of Genetic Counselors Cancer Special Interest Group was conducted in July 2011 to assess Lynch syndrome tumor screening programs and identify barriers to implementation. Over half of respondents (52.8 %) reported having a routine Lynch syndrome tumor screening protocol for newly diagnosed colon and/or endometrial cancers, and approximately half of these used a universal approach. There was an increase in the number of those screening over time, especially in the past 3 years. Tumor screening methods varied; 34/53 (64.2 %) started with immunohistochemistry, 11/53 (20.8 %) started with microsatellite instability testing and 8/53 (15.1 %) performed both on newly diagnosed colorectal tumors. Just 21.7 % (23/106) of respondents indicated they have a tumor screening program in place for newly diagnosed endometrial cancers. Written consent is rarely obtained (7.1 %) and the method of how results were returned to the patient was variable among respondents. Prevalent barriers to implementation were concern about cost, bringing key players together and convincing medical staff of the necessity. Use of Lynch syndrome tumor screening is in clinical practice, but protocols vary widely. This survey provides a glimpse of current practices and common barriers, and identifies the need for tumor screening algorithms with outcomes data.