从语义启动效应看事件相关电位N400的实质

从20世纪80年代以来,事件相关电位(Event-RelatedPotential,简称ERP)技术被广泛地应用于认知加工的研究。运用ERP研究认知加工过程时,常见的思路有两种:一种是关心某个特定的ERP成分,另一种是关心某个认知过程中会产生哪些ERP成分。大多数早期的ERP研究都遵循第一种思路,有关事件相关电位N400的研究就是其中的一例。为了探讨N400的实质,大量的研究都选用语义启动范式,本文对相关的研究进行了回顾和总结,并探讨了已有研究中存在的问题,试图为进一步的研究提供借鉴作用。     

Socioemotional Correlates of Creative Potential in Preschool Age Children: Thinking Beyond Student Academic Assessments

This study examines the correlates of creative potential in preschool children, with a focus on children’s social behavior. Ninety-four preschool-aged children, their mothers, and teachers participated in the study. Mothers completed a questionnaire measure of children’s shyness, and teachers reported on children’s levels of shyness, prosocial behavior, and aggression. Children completed Torrance’s Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement. Results indicated that imagination was predicted by lower levels of shyness and greater prosocial behavior, whereas divergent thinking was predicted by older child age and teacher ratings of aggression. Implications for promoting young children’s creative potential in the classroom are discussed.     

Evaluating Student Evaluations of Teaching: a Review of Measurement and Equity Bias in SETs and Recommendations for Ethical Reform

Journal of Academic Ethics - Student evaluations of teaching are ubiquitous in the academe as a metric for assessing teaching and frequently used in critical personnel decisions. Yet, there is...     

High School Guidance Counselor Recommendations: The Role of Student Race,Socioeconomic Status,and Academic Performance

This study explored the relation between student characteristics and counselor recommendations. Based on a sample of 1,713 students, the results indicate that counselors recommended community colleges to students from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds more strongly than to students from higher SES backgrounds and recommended 4‐year institutions more to students from higher SES backgrounds than to students from lower SES backgrounds. White counselors were more likely to recommend admission‐related activities toward 2‐year colleges to White than to Black students. In addition, for upper‐class students, recommendations toward community college were stronger for Whites with low academic performance than for Blacks with low performance; the reverse was true for upper‐class students with strong academic performance. Areas for future research are identified.     

The Conceptual Project in Child Variance

This report covers highlights from a survey of the literature on emotional disturbance. The survey was begun in 1970 by the Conceptual Project in Child Variance at the University of Michigan. The Project has developed the survey to serve both as a model for graduate student training and as a source of materials for graduate level programs across the United States. Results are being published in a four-volume work, A Study of Child Variance,which examines theories, intervention practices, and service delivery systems, and presents an overview with a look toward the future. The activities of the graduate students and of professional workshop groups are described, and a summary of Project materials is also reported.This study was prepared under grants 0EG-0-70-4806(603), 0EG-0-71-3680(603), and 0EG-0-72-3680(603) from the Bureau for Education of the Handicapped, U.S. Office of Education. The project is located in the Institute for the Study of Mental Retardation and Related Disabilities at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. This support is gratefully acknowledged.     

Variance in faking across noncognitive measures

There are discrepant findings in the literature regarding the effects of applicant faking on the validity of noncognitive measures. One explanation for these mixed results may be the failure of some studies to consider individual differences in faking. This study demonstrates that there is considerable variance across individuals in the extent of faking 3 types of noncognitive measures (i.e., personality test, biodata inventory, and integrity test). Participants completed measures honestly and with instructions to fake. Results indicated some measures were more difficult to fake than others. The authors found that integrity, conscientiousness, and neuroticism were related to faking. In addition, individuals faked fairly consistently across the measures. Implications of these results and a model of faking that includes factors that may influence faking behavior are provided.     

Use of Student Paraprofessionals in Divisions of College Student Affairs

A stratified random sample of college student affairs divisions was surveyed to assess the depth and breadth of student paraprofessional use. More than 72% of the responding institutions reported having one or more student paraprofessional programs.     

Semantic factors in negation

Summary For a rather long time models conceived by linguists have been used as guiding marks for psycholinguistic research. Some aspects or parts of these models are now being criticised for not providing optimal orientation, and part of this critique is aimed at the concept of transformation. In this paper, the heuristic usefulness of conceiving negation as a transformation applied to deep structure is explored.40 Ss had to learn one positive or one of three negative versions of 8 sentences. When recall was tested, we found confusions between the negative versions, but not between the negative and the positive versions of a sentence. Moreover, the different negative versions of any one sentence are reproduced with different frequencies. These results are interpreted (a) by relating it to the concept of scope of negation, (b) by introducing the concept of semantic implication.

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Zusammenfassung In der Beziehung zwischen Linguistik und Psycholinguistik hat lange Zeit die Linguistik die führende Rolle gespielt: sie hat als Compentence-Modelle jene sprachlichen Strukturen formuliert, deren Spuren die Psycholinguistik im Bereich der Performance nachzuzeichnen suchte. Ein Teil der Kritik, die sich in jüngster Zeit gegen diese Vorgehensweise richtet, konzentriert sich auf den Begriff der Transformation. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, ob es psychologisch sinnvoll ist, die Negation als Transformation zu behandeln.40 Vpn erhalten in einem Gedächtnisexperiment neben der positiven drei verschiedene negative Versionen von Sätzen dargeboten. Die Reproduktionsleistungen lassen erkennen, daß wohl Verwechslungen der verschiedenen negativen Versionen eines Satzes vorkommen, nicht aber Verwechslungen zwischen negativen und der positiven Version.Darüber hinaus zeigt sich, daß die verschiedenen negativen Versionen verschieden häufig reproduziert werden. Zur Erklärung dieses Befundes werden zwei Interpretationen angeboten: 1. der verschiedene Bereich der Negation stellt eine verschieden große Speicherbelastung dar; 2. der Grad der semantischen Implikation der Wörter eines Satzes steht in umgekehrtem Verhältnis zum Aufwand, die Negation zusätzlich zu speichern.

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Am Zustandekommen dieser Untersuchung und an der Diskussion der Ergebnisse waren die folgenden Damen und Herren beteiligt: Frau Bosshardt, Frl. Fischer, Frau Kramps, Frl. Dr. Mainka und die Herren Dipl.-Psychol. Bock, Bosshardt und Engelkamp. Ihnen allen habe ich herzlich zu danken.     

Semantic Barriers in Counseling

The interpretations of certain critical terms or concepts frequently occurring in counseling interviews were compared by means of the semantic differential technique for NDEA Counseling and Guidance Institute members and high school boys and girls. 11 of 30 F tests were significant. Counselors generally rated those concepts reflecting adult values or planning for the future (e.g., parents, counseling, studying, aptitude test) as more valuable and more active than did students. The activity dimension proved to be most sensitive in differentiating between the “sets” of the counselors and students. Counselors, possibly because of greater involvement, consistently perceived more activity in the various concepts than did students. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are noted.     

Semantic Drift in Conversations

The lability of the meaning of words has been a longstanding topic in ethnomethodology, and this review provides many specific details while analyzing the drift of the sense of words over the course of naturally occurring conversations. Ethnomethodologists do not see equivocality in the meaning of words merely as a problem for members, but they recognize that it is a resource for parties in their organizing the local interaction. Through the use of many concrete illustrations, an account of this pervasive phenomenon makes clear just-how sense develops, evolves over the course of an interaction, and is used to organize the local orderliness. Some ethnomethods used by parties to tame the developing sense for practical purposes are described and analyzed. Especially, the reflexive properties of sense-establishment are identified and described, along with their material details, and the opportunism of parties in taking advantage of the semiotic play of their talk is summarized. Finally, the components of a model for analyzing communication intersubjectively are presented.     

Recommendations implicit in policy defaults

Should people be considered organ donors after their death unless they request not to be, or should they not be considered donors unless they request to be? Because people tend to stay with the default in a variety of domains, policymakers' choice of default has large and often important effects. In the United States, where the organ-donation policy default is "not a donor," about 5,000 people die every year because there are too few donors. Four experiments examined two domains-being an organ donor and saving for retirement-where default effects occur and have important implications. The results indicate that default effects occur in part because policymakers' attitudes can be revealed through their choice of default, and people perceive the default as indicating the recommended course of action. Policymakers need to be aware of the implicit messages conveyed by their choice of default.     

Semantic mechanisms in paralexia

This study explores the effects of semantic constraints on the occurrence of paralexic responses in two patients who tend to produce semantic errors in reading aloud. In the first experiment, semantic constraints were provided by using words as proper names (e.g., “brown” vs. “Sam Brown”), and in the second by using short, highly familiar phrases to restrict the meaning of the target word (e.g., the polar bear; green with envy). These constraints were found to be effective in reducing the frequency of paralexic errors.     

Age Differences in the Variance of Personality Characteristics

In contrast to mean‐level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five‐factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self‐reports and informant‐reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet‐level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five‐factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology     

Understanding Within-Job Title Variance in Job-Analytic Ratings

This study examined the correlates of within-job title variance in job-analytic ratings. Q-factor analyses of SMEs' ratings for two jobs (i.e., Sales Representative [n = 26] and Felony Assistant Public Defender [n = 141]) yielded two and four factors, respectively. These factors represented shared views of the importance of the job tasks. Factor membership was related to sales performance for sales representatives. Previous professional experience and district of employment were related to factor membership for Felony Assistant Public Defenders. The implications of these studies of within-title variance in job-analytic ratings for human resource programs are discussed.