Vocational Guidance in Soviet Schools

On the basis of recent Soviet publications, a brief history of vocational guidance in schools in the U.S.S.R. is provided, along with a discussion of its significance, current problems, and guiding principles. A comment is added on the basis of recent observations in the U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia.     

Vocational Guidance for Adults: A Study of Demand

A sample study was conducted of economically active adults and of non-employed adults who intended to return to work. It demonstrated first, considerable uncertainty concerning the existence of adult vocational guidance; second, substantial public support for guidance provision; and third, widespread demand. The correlates of demand are investigated. It is not merely those seeking work who require guidance. Strong demand emanates from those in employment, too. The types of guidance demanded by adults are described.     

After the Fall of the Wall: The Impact of the Transition on East German Women

This article addresses the impact of unification on East German families and on the situation of women in the East. The main hypothesis is that women are the losers of German unification, not only in terms of their decreasing participation in the labor force, but also in terms of their weakened position in partnerships and their increasing responsibilities in the domestic sphere. The findings are based primarily on personal interviews of different types of families. The first part of the article describes respondents' recollections of their everyday lives during the days of the former DDR (East Germany) and analyzes the specific family structures and relations between family members that prevailed. It focuses on the domestic division of labor and discusses the impact of high female employment on gender roles in the family and in the socialist society. The second part deals with the effects of German unification on families in East Germany.     

New Maps for Old: Guidance and the Reform of Vocational Qualifications

The reform of occupational qualifications in England and Wales being undertaken by the National Council for Vocational Qualifications will affect the qualifications of those who work in guidance and counselling, and the opportunities open to their clients. While early development work concentrated on lower-level qualifications, attention is now turning to higher levels, including occupations like guidance and counselling where interpersonal skills play a major part. The principles underpinning the reform of qualifications are outlined; the project work carried out up to the end of 1991 is described; and some of the implications and issues arising from this work are identified, both for the professional qualifications available, and for the map of the broad fields of guidance and counselling.     

关于我国学校职业指导中的心理测验

1　前言　　无论在西方国家 ,还是在我国 ,关于心理测验的争议一直存在 ,有时甚至很激烈。但是 ,只要我们能够正确地看待和使用心理测验 ,心理测验仍然不失为科学地、客观地评价人的心理素质的一种重要手段。心理测验在学校职业指导中的运用 ,大大地推动了学校职业指导的发展。在历史上 ,我国学校职业指导中虽然很早就应用心理测验了 ,但始终得不到重视。这可能与时代的背景和人们的观念有关。本文结合我国学校职业指导中应用心理测验的历史和现状 ,介绍了心理测验在学校职业指导中的重要作用和意义 ,旨在引起有关方面的注意和重视。2　心理…     

Young People's Perceptions of their Vocational Guidance Needs: Ii. Influences and Interventions

Questionnaire responses from 1,366 pupils at 20 schools in England were used to develop a scale tentatively interpreted as reflecting vocational development. This interpretation was evaluated by concurrent assessments from local careers officers and by its predictive value in the first months on the labour market. Influences on scores included reading ability, social and economic factors, and features of the school. Careers interventions were effective in increasing vocational awareness. Schools providing formal careers education in the fourth or fifth years had pupils whose scores suggested a gain of six months' vocational awareness. The input of the Careers Service was also related to the scale, pupils at schools with more active careers officers appearing more advanced in their vocational development.     

After the Crash:

This article chronicles the journey of a therapist and a lesbian feminist activist over the last thirty years. Her path has taken her through many different therapy experiences: Freudian psychoanalysis, Radical Psychiatry, encounter groups, women's groups, Gestalt Therapy, Feminist Therapy, Reichian Therapy, Bioenergetics, breath and movement therapy, and Integratice Body Psychotherapy (IBP). Synthesizing all she has experienced and studied, the author had developed Feminist Body Psychotherapy (FBT). Today her work integrates FBP with IBP, an approach similar to hers, which she experienced, studied and now teaches in Los Angeles. This article stresses the importance of integrating the body into psychotherapy to heal the mind-body split.     

Guidance in 1995: the possible dream

The contemplation of utopias seems a fruitful intellectual exercise, especially in the field of counseling, which is expanding and changing so rapidly. Who should counsel? In what setting? With what kind of training? Although it is written in a light style, this article, which proposes institutionalized friendship as the all-encompassing idea in the practice of guidance, is deadly serious. The ultimate goal of most people in this country may very well be friendship with one another, and the article describes a method for achieving such a goal that could be in effect within another generation.     

Guidance and Guidance Systems in Secondary Schools: The Teacher's Views

The reorientation of school guidance to involve teachers in career guidance was the premise for this study. The objectives were to assess the attitudes of secondary vocational teachers toward the importance and adequacy of school guidance systems. Some 248 teachers were sent an instrument listing 19 guidance activities. Two scales of five options were used for importance and adequacy. A 75% response rate was achieved. Overall, the teachers believe that career guidance is an important function; however, they have an unfavorable disposition toward the adequacy of school guidance systems in providing students with career guidance.     

Philosophy of Guidance: View from the East

Guidance and counseling have drawn heavily from psychological theories; however, psychological bases alone can not adequately explain the guidance point of view. There is a need for some philosophic bases of guidance. The present paper attempts to review guidance principles and appraisal techniques from a philosophical angle. Metaphysics of guidance reviews the nature of the individual. Epistemology of guidance classifies various appraisal techniques based on the pattern of nyāaya, one of the systems of Indian philosophy.