《希伯来圣经》中的神人约——仪式、性质及团体意识

《希伯来圣经》中神人约的订立需要举行特定的仪式。尽管立约由神一方提出,神人约的完成却需要双方的努力。神人约具有双向性,它反映了神人双方的相互需要。神人约中蕴涵着深厚的团体意识,它使以色列成为一个非常有凝聚力的民族整体。     

犹太律法发展历程初探

犹太律法的来源异常复杂,吸收融合了古代近东地区各民族的传统习俗和法律,以《托拉》为律法核心,加之历代犹太教学者不断地解释、扩展和补充,最终形成了以《塔纳赫》、《塔木德》等诸多宗教经典为载体的律法体系。古老的犹太律法的表述是简单而模糊的,随着社会和经济的发展,原有的律法已经不能适应新的社会情况。为了解决这一问题,犹太教学者采用了"实用性的阐释方法",在不违背律法字面意义的前提下,使背离律法的行为合法化,同时这种实用性阐释方法维护了犹太律法的神圣和权威。     

律法与信仰———试论新、旧约宗教观念的演变

律法与信仰———试论新、旧约宗教观念的演变王学成本文主要从律法和信仰两个方面出发，通过对新、旧约圣经进行思想分析，阐述了新、旧约中所反映的宗教观念的演变。作者指出，以色列宗教经历了一个神权政治宗教、先知的伦理宗教、犹太教和基督教的发展过程。文章在对律...     

论犹太律法的主要特征

犹太律法是犹太民族的法律制度,它对犹太民族产生深远影响,犹太民族曾有律法民族之称,它的发展深受犹太民族的宗教、历史等的影响。在这些因素的影响下,犹太律法呈现出发展上的连续性、内容上的宗教性、信守上的民族性以及属人法性等特征。其中,连续性特征常常被人所误读,属人性特征是犹太律法中最为人所知的特征,而宗教性是犹太律法的显著特征,民族性特征使犹太律法呈现民族特色。正因如此,犹太律法不仅成为犹太文化重要内容,而且也是世界法系的重要组成部分。     

犹太传统中的“先知”

希伯来先知是"轴心时代"图景中以色列宗教的代表,其言行和经典对于犹太教的形成和发展有着重要影响。犹太传统对待先知的态度和阐释方式不同于基督教,明显地呈现出一种从重视到冷落的转变。先知在早期犹太传统中居于"显耀"地位,然而,经过后世犹太教拉比的刻意处理,最终导致先知在犹太传统中几近消失。犹太传统中长期占据主流的"律法中心主义"是拉比有意采取措施对主张伦理改革的先知进行颠覆和解构的决定性原因。     

希伯来圣经上帝称谓的谱系学研究

在希伯来神经中,上帝有着雅威(YHWH)、埃尔(El)、埃洛希姆(Elohim)、埃洛阿赫(Eloah)、埃拉(Elah)、阿东乃(Adonai)等称谓和表述.本文基于希伯来圣经文本对上帝的称谓进行了神话谱系学的研究,间接地证实希伯来圣经的底本假说有一定的合理性.在此基础上,本文认为,“雅威”崇拜不单是希伯来人的信仰,它是古代迦南地区人们共同的宗教信仰;古代希伯来宗教曾经有着一段崇拜多神信仰的时期;在一神化的过程中,它排除了“雅威”的配偶亚舍拉等其它一些神灵.通过对希伯来圣经上帝称谓的谱系学研究,本文揭示了希伯来圣经与古代近东地区神话之间的复杂的神话谱系,这一神话谱系体现出希伯来圣经对古代迦南、古代近东文化的吸纳和包容.     

犹耶圣号命名的差异性及其原因探析

本文重点探讨犹耶在中国语境中圣号命名的差异性并分析成因。文章从比较的视角，通过文本分析的路径，分析犹太儒生与天主教传教士圣号汉译的异同，同时以《希伯来圣经》为对读文本，从犹太人对圣经传统承继的角度进行分析。中国古代犹太人的圣号汉译承继了《希伯来圣经》中数量多样、形式繁杂的特点，并以多种儒家概念对译圣号，而明末天主教传教士圣号命名时则受《希伯来圣经》传统影响较少，他们固定“天主”为主要译名。犹耶圣号命名不同来自犹耶的宗教差异：犹太教是兼容“一神信仰”,而天主教为排异的“一神主义”;犹太教不是外传宗教，天主教有外传使命；犹太儒生在华认同于儒家文化，天主教传教士没有这种认同。     

现代犹太宗教暴力的根源、特点及影响

20世纪80年代以来在以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土上频繁发生与犹太教相关的暴力活动,或有犹太宗教背景,或由极端的犹太教徒实施,通常与以色列的领土政策有关,具有明确的政治目地。现代犹太宗教暴力,是犹太宗教观念在中东激烈的民族、宗教和领土冲突的背景下被重新诠释的结果,也受到世俗犹太复国主义运动暴力色彩的影响,并与本地区其他宗教的暴力活动互相作用。现代以色列国家的犹太性质、多党制、政教分离不彻底、以及对犹太教宽容的社会风气,都为犹太宗教暴力的兴起提供了助力。     

以"行"体"信

经文:雅2:14-26 什么是犹太律法传统呢?较笼统地讲,就是以色列的历史.这历史显示了以色列得救和称义的来源和背景.因此,雅各在此注重追溯犹太人的历史根源,以色列的传统就是从亚伯拉罕开始,亚伯拉罕相信上帝的呼召,且信到底,他的信心以他的行为体现出来,他的信心是没有动摇过,他被称为义.从他产生以色列民,从以色列民经过出埃及的蒙拯救,这就是最初以色列民得救与称义的来源与背景.     

以“行”体“信”

经文:雅2:14-26 什么是犹太律法传统呢?较笼统地讲,就是以色列的历史。这历史显示了以色列得救和称义的来源和背景。因此,雅各在此注重追溯犹太人的历史根源,以色列的传统就是从亚伯拉罕开始,亚伯拉罕相信上帝的呼召,且信到底,他的信心以他的行为体现出来,他的信心是没有动摇过,他被称为义。从他产生以色列民,从以色列民经过出埃及的蒙拯救,这就是最初以色列民得救与称义的来源与背景。     

An n-dimensional Weber Law and the Corresponding Fechner Law

Weber's law of 1834, DeltaS/S=c for the just noticeable difference (jnd), can be written as S+DeltaS=kS, k=1+c. It follows that the stimulus decrement required to elicit one jnd of sensation is S-DeltaS*=k(-1)S. If generalized for two stimulus dimensions and two corresponding response dimensions, Weber's law would have to state such equations for all directions of change in the plane. A two-dimensional Weber law with exactly these properties is realized by [S(x)+DeltaS(x)(straight theta), S(y)+DeltaS(y)(straight theta)]=[k(sin(straight theta))S(x), k(cos(straight theta))S(y)] which determines the stimulus coordinates for all stimuli just noticeably different from the stimulus (S(x), S(y)) in all directions 0R(2)) is [x, y]mapsto[log(k)(x), log(k)(y)]. The solution is generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions by substituting the sin and cos in the generalized Weber law by the standard coordinates of a unit vector. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Common Law Approaches to the Relationship Between Law and Morality

How are general relations of law and morality typically conceived in an environment of Anglo-saxon common law? This paper considers some classical common law methods and traditions as these have confronted and been overlaid with modern ideas of legal positivism. While classical common law treated a community and its morality as the cultural foundation of law, legal positivism's analytical separation of law and morals, allied with liberal approaches to legal regulation, have made the relationship of legal and moral principles more complex and contested. Using ideas from Durkheim's and Weber's sociology, I argue that the traditional common law emphasis on an inductive, empirical treatment of moral practices has continuing merit, but in contemporary conditions the vague idea of community embedded in classical common law thought must be replaced with a much more precise conceptualisation of coexisting communities, whose moral bonds are diverse and require a corresponding diversity of forms of legal recognition or protection.     

Suicide and the Law

SUMMARY

The purpose of this chapter is to delineate how mental health professionals can prevent their clients from acting in a suicidal manner while protecting themselves against potential liability when a client attempts or completes suicide. In our increasingly litigious society mental health professionals can apply their understanding about the elements of legal liability in cases involving client suicidal behaviors to structure their services in a manner to meet their responsibility in treating potentially suicidal clients.     

Analytical methods in the theory of psychophysical discrimination II: The Near-miss to Weber's Law, Falmagne's Law, the Psychophysical Power Law and the Law of Similarity

We examine the possibility of accounting for an empirical phenomenon in auditory psychophysics called the “Near-Miss to Weber's Law” [Jesteadt, W., Weir, C., & Green, D. (1977). Intensity discrimination as a function of frequency and sensation level. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, A, 61, 169-177], within the framework of Fechner's Psychophysics. To this end, we introduce a pair of Psychophysical Laws governing the behavior of Weber sensitivities. One of these, the Power Law, embodies ideas that Jesteadt et al. introduced in their original discussion of the near-miss phenomenon. Falmagne's Law captures ideas of Falmagne and colleagues [Falmagne, J.-Cl. (1985). Elements of psychophysical theory. New York: Oxford University Press; Doble, C., Falmagne, J.-Cl., & Berg, B.G. (2003). Theoretical note: Recasting (the near-miss to) Weber's Law. Psychological Review, 110, 365-375]. These two laws, which account for the near-miss phenomenon in quite different ways, are shown to be special cases of a more general Psychophysical Law of Similarity. We find all (smooth) solutions of this Law of Similarity that are compatible with Fechnerian psychophysics. Of the 11 solutions, four are relevant to the near-miss phenomenon; two of these solutions reproduce the models of Jesteadt et al. and Doble et al. and the other two solutions each provide a new accounting of the near-miss phenomenon. We discuss the possibility of distinguishing among these four models in empirical data.     

对道德与法律关系的法哲学思考--美英现代法哲学家论道德与法律关系评析

法律与道德之间的关系问题 ,是法哲学领域的一个非常重要的问题 ,也是目前我国法学界讨论的热门话题之一。在美英现代法学界 ,也有许多法哲学家对法律与道德的关系进行过深入细致的探讨 ,并提出了许多富有启发性的见解。一　博登海默对道德与法律之关系的论述美国现代著名法哲学家博登海默 (EdgarBodenheimer ,1919— )在其所著的《法理学 :法律哲学和法律方法》 (Jurisprudence :thePhilosophyandMethodoftheLaw )一书中说 :“那些被视为是社会交往的基本而必要的道德正当原则 ,在所有的社会中都被赋予了具有强大力量的强制性质。这些道…     

Breaking the Law of Desire

This paper offers one formal reason why it may often be inappropriate to hold, of two conflicting desires, that the first must be weaker than, stronger than, or of the same strength as the second. The explanation of this fact does not rely on vagueness or epistemological problems in determining the strengths of desires. Nor does it make use of the problematic notion of incommensurability. Rather, the suggestion is that the motivational capacities of many desires might best be characterized by two values, neither of which should be interpreted as strength.