吸烟者内隐态度的ERP研究

采用内隐联想测验的变式——WIAT研究吸烟者对吸烟行为的内隐态度,并用事件相关电位（ERP）技术探讨吸烟者在进行WIAT任务时的脑内时程变化。结果发现,吸烟者对于吸烟行为的内隐态度是消极的。吸烟词语与两类属性词（积极和消极）相联时诱发的ERPs有显著差异,体现在多个ERP成分（P1、N2、N4、LPC）中。结果表明,吸烟者的内隐态度在早期就受情绪的调节和影响;而两个冲突负波的出现表明,在内隐态度的加工过程中可能存在认知评价的过程。晚正成分的差异则表明,当吸烟词语与消极词相联时唤醒度更高、吸烟者的注意有增强趋势。实验结果支持了态度的三元论。     

时间分配的执行功能:双重效价联合任务的证据

采用内隐联想测验的修订版本双重效价联合任务范式,利用ERP技术探究不同时间分配倾向个体在执行冲突和转换任务时的执行功能,以揭示不同时间分配倾向个体在相容和不相容任务过程中脑内时程的动态变化。研究结果发现,多重组个体显示出更快的反应时;ERP结果表明,相比于多重组,单一组在不相容任务中比在相容任务中诱发了更大的N170,说明多重组个体可能更善于同时执行多项任务,而单一组执行冲突任务可能需要投入更多的注意资源。同时在认知加工的晚期阶段单一组比多重组诱发了更大的LPP,提示单一组需要更强的认知控制加工。     

中学生群体对贫困生的外显与内隐刻板印象

研究聚焦中学生群体探讨其对贫困生的外显与内隐刻板印象。研究1采用人格词汇学方法通过开放式问卷从外表外貌、性格、行为习惯、学习和人际交往5个方面考察中学生对贫困生的外显刻板印象,结果发现：中学生对贫困生的外显印象包含积极、消极和中性三类。研究2采用单类内隐联想测验考察中学生对贫困生的内隐刻板印象,中学生完成相容任务（贫困生+消极词）的反应时显著低于不相容任务（贫困生+积极词）,研究表明：相对于积极印象,中学生群体对贫困生的内隐刻板印象更倾向于消极,即中学生群体对贫困生持有消极内隐刻板印象。     

情绪的相容性对创造性思维的影响

为探讨具身内隐情绪和外显情绪之间的相容性和不相容性对创造性思维的影响,实验采用情绪视频启动范式诱发被试的积极情绪或消极情绪,同时采用面部表情操纵技术诱导其具身积极情绪或具身消极情绪,然后要求被试完成创造性思维测验中的替代使用任务（AUT）与顿悟字谜测验。结果发现：在积极情绪下,情绪相容组的AUT流畅性得分显著高于情绪不相容组;而在消极情绪下,情绪相容组的AUT原创性得分与顿悟字谜得分显著高于情绪不相容组;灵活性在两种情绪条件下的差异均不显著。结果表明,面部表情和外显情绪的相容性有利于创造性思维的表现,积极情绪和消极情绪下的情绪相容性分别影响着创造性思维的不同成分。     

卷入欺负行为儿童道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理表征

采用内隐联想测验和纸笔测验考察了卷入欺负行为儿童和未卷入儿童道德概念垂直空间隐喻心理表征的差异。实验1发现,直接欺负者和受欺负者在不相容任务(道德是下,不道德是上)的反应时明显快于相容任务(道德是上,不道德是下);间接欺负者、欺负-受欺负者和未卷入者在相容任务中的反应时明显快于不相容任务。实验2发现,直接欺负者和受欺负者倾向于把道德词放在垂直空间的下方,而把不道德词放在上方;间接欺负者、欺负-受欺负者和未卷入者倾向于把道德词放在上方,把不道德词放在下方。直接欺负者和受欺负者之所以形成了完全不同于其他三者的隐喻联结("道德是下,不道德是上"),原因可能是他们对道德概念的认知存在偏差,并且认知方式也不符合常规。     

将来自我认知的乐观偏向——ERP研究的证据

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术,考察了将来自我认知的乐观偏向。采用指示性冲突范式,让被试在将来自我认知表征与反应相容和不相容两种条件下,对将来自我的可能性和时间距离做出指示性的判断反应。行为结果表明,在将来自我的可能性和时间距离两种认知指标上,被试在冲突条件比一致条件的反应时显著较长;ERP结果显示,冲突条件比一致条件诱发了显著增强的N2和N450波幅,而一致条件比冲突条件诱发了显著增强的LPP波幅。     

心理疾病内隐污名：来自单类内隐联想测验的证据

以61名大学生为被试,采用三个独立的单类内隐联想测验（SC-IAT）考察心理疾病内隐污名的构成及其内隐效应。结果发现：（1）在认知评价、情感反应、行为倾向及其三者合并的4个SC-IATs中,被试在相容任务上的反应时均显著快于不相容任务;（2）总的SC-IAT和三个独立SC-IAT的内隐效应显著;（3）65.27%的被试的内隐效应值大于0,表现出对心理疾病患者负面的内隐态度;（4）研究采用的心理疾病内隐污名SC-IAT具有较好的信、效度指标。研究表明,被试倾向于将心理疾病与消极词联结在一起,心理疾病污名的内隐效应显著;心理疾病内隐污名包括自动化的负面认知、消极情感反应和歧视倾向。     

词汇具体性对情绪名词效价加工影响的ERP研究

具体性和抽象性是词汇同一特性的两极, 是直接影响词汇加工过程的重要因素。本研究采用快速序列视觉呈现范式, 结合脑电技术探讨在有限注意资源内, 词汇具体性对情绪名词加工过程的影响。结果发现：名词加工早期和晚期阶段的ERP成分受到情绪效价的调节, 情绪词比中性词诱发了更大的N170和LPC波幅; 名词加工早期和晚期阶段的ERP成分也受到词汇具体性的调节, 具体词比抽象词诱发了更大的N170和LPC波幅; 词汇具体性影响情绪名词加工的晚期阶段, LPC波幅能够分辨出不同情绪效价的抽象词, 对于具体词仅能区分出情绪与非情绪, 这说明抽象词可能比具体词负载了更多的情绪信息, 反映出对情绪信息的精细加工过程。     

内隐和外显记忆测验中情绪词差异的ERP研究

运用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术, 采用学习-再认范式, 探讨情绪词(积极词和消极词)在内隐和外显记忆测验中的差异。结果发现：在内隐记忆测验中, 消极词的ERP波形比积极词更正; 在450~900 ms时程上存在提取方式的ERP分离, 即在内隐提取过程中, 消极词比积极词的ERP波形更正, 而在外显提取过程中, 二者ERP之间不存在差异。这些结果表明, 在相同编码影响下, 内隐提取对情绪性材料敏感, 而外显提取对情绪性材料不敏感。本实验结果说明刺激的情绪信息影响提取过程, 消极词语义较强的注意攫取能力主要体现在内隐提取阶段。     

事件相关电位与态度研究

目前,事件相关电位(ERP)技术在态度研究领域中所取得的成果可总结为:(1)在情感评价上,与情境一致的刺激相比,不一致的刺激诱发了一个更大的ERP,并且ERP波幅会因一致性程度的差异而变化;(2)评价性和非评价性分类加工所诱发的ERP在头部分布上存在差异,同样,评价性分类加工中积极和消极刺激所诱发的ERP也存在差异;(3)ERP对外显的和内隐的评价性分类加工的检验都反应敏感.在此基础上,文章对当前研究中所存在的问题及其对策进行了分析和探讨.     

Stimulus-outcome interactions during instrumental discrimination learning by rats and humans

The associative structure mediating goal-directed action was investigated using congruent and incongruent conditional discriminations. The stimulus was the same as the outcome in each component of the congruent discriminations, whereas the stimulus of one component of the incongruent discriminations was the same as the outcome of the other component. Humans, but not rats, learned the congruent discrimination more rapidly than the incongruent discrimination, a difference that the authors attribute to the fact that outcome-response associations caused response conflict in the incongruent discrimination. Moreover, responding was resistant to outcome devaluation following incongruent, but not congruent, training, suggesting that both humans and rats adopted a stimulus-response strategy to resolve the incongruent discrimination.     

Flanker and Simon effects interact at the response selection stage

The present study aimed at investigating the processing stage underlying stimulus–stimulus (S–S) congruency effects by examining the relation of a particular type of congruency effect (i.e., the flanker effect) with a stimulus–response (S–R) spatial correspondence effect (i.e., the Simon effect). Experiment 1 used a unilateral flanker task in which the flanker also acted as a Simon-like accessory stimulus. Results showed a significant S–S Congruency × S–R Correspondence interaction: An advantage for flanker–response spatially corresponding trials was observed in target–flanker congruent conditions, whereas, in incongruent conditions, there was a noncorresponding trials' advantage. The analysis of the temporal trend of the correspondence effects ruled out a temporal-overlap account for the observed interaction. Moreover, results of Experiment 2, in which the flanker did not belong to the target set, demonstrated that this interaction cannot be attributed to perceptual grouping of the target–flanker pairs and referential coding of the target with respect to the flanker in the congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively. Taken together, these findings are consistent with a response selection account of congruency effects: Both the position and the task-related attribute of the flanker would activate the associated responses. In noncorresponding-congruent trials and corresponding-incongruent trials, this would cause a conflict at the response selection stage.     

Affective priming with pictures of emotional scenes: the role of perceptual similarity and category relatedness

Prime pictures portraying pleasant or unpleasant scenes were briefly presented (150-ms display; SOAs of 300 or 800 ms), followed by probe pictures either congruent or incongruent in emotional valence. In an evaluative decision task, participants responded whether the probe was emotionally positive or negative. Affective priming was reflected in shorter response latencies for congruent than for incongruent prime-probe pairs. Although this effect was enhanced by perceptual similarity between the prime and the probe, it also occurred for probes that were physically different, and the effect generalized across semantic categories (animals vs. people). It is concluded that affective priming is a genuine phenomenon, in that it occurs as a function of stimulus emotional content, in the absence of both perceptual similarity and semantic category relatedness between the prime and the probe.     

声乐与器乐情绪加工的ERP研究

借助跨通道情绪启动范式考察声乐与器乐情绪加工的电生理差异。启动刺激是声乐和器乐曲(小提琴演奏), 目标刺激是与音乐情绪一致或不一致的面孔表情图片。结果显示, 与一致条件相比, 与面孔情绪不一致的器乐曲诱发了N400, 而与面孔情绪不一致的声乐曲诱发了LPC。这些结果表明, 声乐与器乐情绪加工的电生理反应存在差异。     

Differentially tuned responses to restricted versus prolonged awareness of threat: a preliminary fMRI investigation

Responses to threat occur via two known independent processing routes. We propose that early, reflexive processing is predominantly tuned to the detection of congruent combinations of facial cues that signal threat, whereas later, reflective processing is predominantly tuned to incongruent combinations of threat. To test this prediction, we examined responses to threat-gaze expression pairs (anger versus fear expression by direct versus averted gaze). We report on two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, one employing prolonged presentations (2 s) of threat-gaze pairs to allow for reflective processing (Study 1), and one employing severely restricted (33 ms), backward masked presentations of threat-gaze pairs to isolate reflexive neural responding (Study 2). Our findings offer initial support for the conclusion that early, reflexive responses to threat are predominantly tuned to congruent threat-gaze pairings, whereas later reflective responses are predominantly tuned to ambiguous threat-gaze pairings. These findings highlight a distinct dual function in threat perception.     

冲突观察能诱发冲突适应

重复启动效应和一致试次所占的比例都会影响冲突适应效应。采用词-色Stroop任务, 本研究在控制了重复启动效应和一致试次的比例之后, 通过三个实验共同探讨反应执行和冲突观察对冲突适应效应的影响。实验一发现当前试次的Stroop干扰效应, 但没有得到冲突适应效应; 在实验二中, 先前试次为四选一的选择反应时任务, 当前试次为词-色Stroop任务, 得到反转的冲突适应效应; 实验三和实验一程序相似, 但在先前试次上不执行反应, 得到了稳定的冲突适应效应。这些结果证明, 冲突观察能够诱发冲突适应机制, 提升当前的操作表现。     

Low-constraint facilitation in lexical decision with single-word contexts

Single-word, low-constraint adjective contexts were used to "prime" lexical decision to noun targets in Serbo-Croat. Semantically congruent situations consisted of adjective-noun pairs that were not highly predictable but were nonetheless plausible (e.g., GOOD-AUNT). Semantically incongruent situations used pairs that were implausible (e.g., SLOW-COAT). All adjective-noun pairs were grammatically congruent and were compared with a neutral XXX baseline. In Experiment 1, at a stimulus onset asynchrony of 300 ms, congruous situations showed 59 ms of facilitation while incongruous situations did not differ from the baseline. The same pattern was repeated in Experiment 2, at a stimulus onset asynchrony of 800 ms. Congruous situations were facilitated 67 ms. Results are discussed in terms of a message-level coherence check in Forster's (1979) model of autonomous levels of language processing.     

Action-related objects influence the distribution of visuospatial attention

Previous studies have shown that attention is drawn to the location of manipulable objects and is distributed across pairs of objects that are positioned for action. Here, we investigate whether central, action-related objects can cue attention to peripheral targets. Experiment 1 compared the effect of uninformative arrow and object cues on a letter discrimination task. Arrow cues led to spatial-cueing benefits across a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs: 0 ms, 120 ms, 400 ms), but object-cueing benefits were slow to build and were only significant at the 400-ms SOA. Similar results were found in Experiment 2, in which the targets were objects that could be either congruent or incongruent with the cue (e.g., screwdriver and screw versus screwdriver and glass). Cueing benefits were not influenced by the congruence between the cue and target, suggesting that the cueing effects reflected the action implied by the central object, not the interaction between the objects. For Experiment 3 participants decided whether the cue and target objects were related. Here, the interaction between congruent (but not incongruent) targets led to significant cueing/positioning benefits at all three SOAs. Reduced cueing benefits were obtained in all three experiments when the object cue did not portray a legitimate action (e.g., a bottle pointing towards an upper location, since a bottle cannot pour upwards), suggesting that it is the perceived action that is critical, rather than the structural properties of individual objects. The data suggest that affordance for action modulates the allocation of visual attention.     

Signals of threat do not capture, but prioritize, attention: a conditioning approach

Research suggests that threatening information captures attention more rapidly than neutral information. However, in most studies threat stimuli differ perceptually from neutral stimuli and are instrumental to perform the task, leaving the question unanswered whether threat is sufficient to capture attention. In experiment 1, we designed a visual search task with stimuli of equal salience (colored circles) that have the potential to lead to efficient search (10 ms/item). In experiment 2, one of the colors (conditioned stimulus, CS+) was made threatening by means of fear conditioning. Participants responded to a target presented in one of the circles. Overall, the search was faster on congruent trials (where the target was presented in the CS+) than on baseline trials (where the CS + was absent). Furthermore, the search was slower on incongruent trials (where the target was presented in another color than the CS+) than on baseline trials. The search on congruent trials was affected by set size (90 ms/item), but to a lesser extent than on baseline trials (105 ms/item). We conclude that threat prioritizes, but does not capture attention.     

Mixed emotions: holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions

In the face literature, it is debated whether the identification of facial expressions requires holistic (i.e., whole face) or analytic (i.e., parts-based) information. In this study, happy and angry composite expressions were created in which the top and bottom face halves formed either an incongruent (e.g., angry top + happy bottom) or congruent composite expression (e.g., happy top + happy bottom). Participants reported the expression in the target top or bottom half of the face. In Experiment 1, the target half in the incongruent condition was identified less accurately and more slowly relative to the baseline isolated expression or neutral face conditions. In contrast, no differences were found between congruent and the baseline conditions. In Experiment 2, the effects of exposure duration were tested by presenting faces for 20, 60, 100 and 120 ms. Interference effects for the incongruent faces appeared at the earliest 20 ms interval and persisted for the 60, 100 and 120 ms intervals. In contrast, no differences were found between the congruent and baseline face conditions at any exposure interval. In Experiment 3, it was found that spatial alignment impaired the recognition of incongruent expressions, but had no effect on congruent expressions. These results are discussed in terms of holistic and analytic processing of facial expressions.