小学生创造性科学问题提出能力的发展研究

运用实验的方法,对371名小学生创造性科学问题提出能力的发展进行了研究。结果表明:(1)小学生创造性科学问题提出能力整体呈上升趋势;(2)男女生的创造性科学问题提出能力发展趋势基本相同,男生整体上要略高于女生,差异不显著;(3)小学生创造性科学问题提出能力的学校类型差异主要表现在发展趋势上,城市小学二到三年级停滞不前,乡村小学则迅速发展,之后发展趋势相同;(4)三到四年级是小学生创造性科学问题提出能力发展的“关键期”。     

小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展研究

运用实验的方法,对371名小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展进行了研究。结果表明:1)小学生创造性数学问题提出能力整体呈现波浪式上升的趋势;2)男女生在创造性数学问题提出能力上不存在显著差异;3)城乡小学生创造性数学问题提出能力的发展差异显著,城市小学学生发展比乡村小学学生发展早一年。     

小学生课堂问题行为与心理素质的关系:一项观察研究

为科学、客观的了解小学生课堂问题行为的现状并探讨与心理素质的关系,采用Martin等人提出的TPOT观察范式对重庆市潼南区某小学4-6年级117名学生的课堂问题行为进行录像、编码,并施测小学生心理素质问卷简化版。结果表明:(1)T-POT观察范式在本研究中具有适用性;(2)任务偏移是小学生最常见的课堂问题行为;(3)小学生课堂问题行为的表现存在显著的性别、年级差异;(4)在控制了年级、性别、班级环境变量后,心理素质能够显著负向预测课堂问题行为。     

学校环境对初中生人格特征与创造性科学问题提出能力关系的影响

采用问卷法,对33所学校初二年级的1228名学生进行了测试,并使用多水平分析技术探讨了学校环境对青少年人格特征和创造性科学问题提出能力关系的影响。结果显示:(1)不同学校学生的创造性科学问题提出能力有显著性差异;(2)开放性对学生的创造性科学问题提出能力有显著的正向预测作用;(3)外向性、开放性、尽责性对创造性科学问题提出能力的影响存在不同学校间的差异;(4)学校环境中,良好的师生关系可以显著增强开放性和创造性科学问题提出能力的正向联系。     

汉语母语者视听双通道言语知觉的特点及发展研究

以30名小学二年级学生2、4名小学五年级学生和29名大学一年级学生为被试,运用McGurk效应研究范式对汉语母语者视听双通道言语知觉的表现特点、发展趋势等问题进行了探讨,三个年龄阶段被试均接受纯听和视听两种条件下的测查,被试的任务是出声报告自己听到的刺激。结果发现:(1)汉语为母语的二年级小学生、五年级小学生和大学生在自然听力环境下的单音节加工中都受到视觉线索的影响,表现出了McGurk效应;(2)二年级小学生、五年级小学生和大学生受视觉言语影响的程度,也就是McGurk效应的强度没有显著差异,没有表现出类似英语母语者的发展趋势。该结果支持了McGurk效应"普遍存在"的假说。     

7～11岁儿童分享行为的发展

采用同伴评价、自我评价、教师评价法,考察小学一、三、五年级共128名7—11岁儿童分享行为的发展。结果发现：(1)由教师评价的小学儿童的分享行为在小学一、三年级无显著差异,从三年级到五年级,得分显著下降;学生自我评价的分享行为在一、三年级呈上升趋势,在三、五年级问呈下降趋势;(2)根据教师评价,一年级小学生在游戏分享和物品分享上的得分最高,学习分享次之,心理分享最少;对三、五年级小学生来说,游戏分享与物品分享行为逐渐退居次要位置,而让位给心理分享和学习分享行为;(3)教师对小学生分享行为的评价与学生自我评价之问有0．26的相关;教师评价与同伴提名之间有0．37的相关：而学生自我评价与同伴提名之间无显著的相关。     

小学二年级学生汉语阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

小学生阅读知觉广度是阅读发展心理学中的一个基本问题。本研究以Eyelink 1000 plus眼动仪为工具,采用2（年龄）×5（窗口）的两因素混合实验设计,考察小学二年级学生汉语阅读的知觉广度。结果显示,二年级学生的知觉广度为右侧1-2个汉字。二年级小学生快慢读者在眼动指标上存在差异,但未发现在知觉广度上存在差异。阅读能力测验与眼动指标存在显著的相关,此外小学二年级学生的阅读速度可以预测学业成绩。     

小学儿童提问能力的发展

本研究以图片和文章两种不同形式呈现实验材料,以小学二、四、六年级的90名小学生为被试,要求他们对实验材料进行提问,从而考察儿童提问的发展以及刺激材料属性对提问生成的影响。结果表明:(1)小学儿童提问的数量和质量随年级的增长而提高;(2)刺激材料属性与年级之间的交互作用对儿童的提问产生了影响,六年级儿童对图片的提问在数量和质量两方面优于对文字的提问;(3)小学儿童的提问元认知随年龄的增长而提高。     

听觉障碍学生的社会观点采择能力发展研究

以中国寓言图画故事为刺激材料,采用个别测验的方式,考察了特殊学校小学三、四、五、六年级及初中一、三年级共122名听觉障碍学生的社会观点采择能力及其发展,结果发现：(1)听觉障碍学生的社会观点采择能力存在显著的年级差异;(2)听觉障碍学生的社会观点采择能力发展不存在性别差异;(3)听觉障碍学生的社会观点采择能力明显地受父母文化程度的影响。     

中小学生课外阅读时间及时间分配与阅读成绩的关系研究

采用问卷调查法对107名重点与非重点学校的小学、初中学生课外阅读时间、阅读时间分配进行了调查,并考察了它们与阅读成绩的关系。结果发现:(1)小学生与初中生课外平均每周阅读时间无显著差异,但其时间的分配有差异,小学生主要阅读文学类书籍,而初中生除了主要阅读文学类书籍外,增加了阅读娱乐类书籍的时间;(2)整体上看,中小学生课外阅读时间与阅读成绩存在显著相关,其中文学类书籍课外阅读时间与阅读成绩有显著正相关,娱乐类书籍课外阅读时间与重点学校学生的阅读成绩以及男生的阅读成绩有显著的负相关。     

小学儿童混合情绪理解的发展研究*

旨在探究小学阶段儿童的混合情绪理解发展状况。以能够引发儿童混合情绪的经典故事情景为材料,对小学1-6年级242名儿童采用半结构式访谈法和测验法进行实验,结果表明:小学儿童混合情绪理解水平存在显著的年龄效应,呈现出随年龄增大混合情绪理解水平逐渐提高的发展趋势。对他人和对自身混合情绪理解差异显著,对他人混合情绪的理解是对自身混合理解的基础,同性质和不同性质(冲突)混合情绪的理解能力存在显著差异。不同性质(冲突)混合情绪的理解能力发展较晚。因此,混合情绪理解能力在小学阶段快速发展,呈现出年龄、理解的对象、情绪的性质三个方面的显著差异。     

Academic enablers as dynamic moderators: Exploring academic enablers and achievement across elementary school

The purpose of the current study was to advance the understanding of the cross-grade dynamics of academic enablers in three ways: (a) to compare overall levels of academic enablers across children's elementary school years, (b) to determine if the relationship between academic enablers and academic achievement remained consistent across children's elementary school years, and (c) to determine if the interrelationships between academic enablers remained consistent across elementary school. We examined cross-grade dynamics using a sample of elementary-aged children (N = 536) and structural equation modeling methodology to compare primary (K–3rd grade) and intermediate (4th–5th grade) students. After establishing measurement invariance, we tested whether (a) academic enabler means and variances were equivalent for younger and older elementary students, (b) the relationships between academic enablers and academic achievement were equivalent for younger and older elementary students, and (c) the interrelations between academic enablers were equivalent for younger versus older students. The findings revealed few differences in mean levels of academic enablers but several differences in the relationships between academic enablers and academic achievement, as well as academic enabler interrelations across grade groups. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.     

Effects of phonological awareness and morphological awareness on blind students' reading comprehension

The exploration of blind students' reading skills is needed not only for further understanding their reading development but also for providing targeted suggestions for practical education. This study aims to examine the relations among phonological awareness (PA), homograph awareness (HA), compounding awareness (CA) and reading comprehension (RC), and explore the mediating effect of listening comprehension (LC) in Chinese blind students from elementary school. A total of 148 blind and 302 sighted elementary school students completed assessments of PA, HA, CA, LC and RC. The results found that PA, HA and CA were important variables that predicted Chinese blind and sighted students' RC not only directly but also indirectly through LC, which varied across different grades. The findings suggest that there were many similarities that exist in the influencing mechanism of RC between Chinese blind and sighted students.     

Boys’ and girls’ involvement in science learning and their self‐efficacy in Taiwan

This cross‐sectional study investigated the significant differences in students’ self‐efficacy and their involvement in learning science. Nine hundred and twenty‐two elementary school fifth graders, 499 junior high school eighth graders, and 1455 senior or vocational high school eleventh graders completed the students’ questionnaire. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and independent t‐tests compared the significant similarities and differences across school levels and genders. The initial findings were as follows: A sharp decline in boys’ and girls’ self‐efficacy scores from elementary to secondary school levels; boys have significantly higher self‐efficacy scores than girls at vocational and senior high school levels; students with more involvement in science learning presented significantly higher self‐efficacy scores than those with less involvement. The significant discrepancies in terms of gender and age in students’ self‐efficacy and involvement in learning science need to be addressed. Implications and limitations are provided.     

The Longitudinal Relationship Between School Belonging and Subjective Well-Being in School Among Elementary School Students

Situated within a positive psychology perspective, the present study explored the relationship between school belonging and subjective well-being (SWB) in school among elementary school students. In order to ensure the applicability of the Brief Adolescents’ Subjective Well-Being in School Scale (BASWBSS) to elementary school students, firstly, we provided evidence for its validity using two samples (total n?=?1333) of elementary school students. Secondly, we used cross-lagged structural equation modeling techniques to evaluate the nature and directionality of relationships between school belonging and SWB in school. To test these relationships, 890 students (58.54 % male) completed a measure of school belonging and SWB in school at two time points, 6 weeks apart. The results showed that (1) BASWBSS has good applicability among elementary school students and (2) significant bidirectional relationships were found between school belonging and SWB in school. Overall, the present study provided important evidence of applicability of the BASWBSS with elementary school students and the role of school belonging in elementary school age children’s SWB in school.     

小学生自我调节学习的特点

本文采用学业自我调节问卷,探讨了小学四、五、六年级学生自我调节学习的特点。结果表明,不同年级小学生在自我调节学习的外部调节、摄入性调节、认同调节和内部动机维度上存在差异;不同调节类型对学习成绩有影响;不同年级、不同调节水平对数学成绩有显著影响,在语文成绩上未达显著;最后,本文对于该方向的未来研究给予了展望。     

Schools can improve motivational quality: Profile transitions across early foreign language learning experiences

Elementary school is as much about developing attitudes as competence. With this fact in mind, the Japanese national government established a plan to enhance elementary school students’ motivation for learning English. The success of this program has, however, not been empirically tested. This study aimed to assess the longitudinal, discrete development of Japanese elementary school students’ motivation for learning English as a foreign language. A cohort of 513 Japanese elementary students participated in the study across 2 years of school. Students responded to surveys regarding the quality of their motivation at three time points, and their engagement at two time points. Latent profile analysis followed by latent profile transition analysis was used to assess the sample for latent subgroups. With subgroups established at three time points, a Mover–Stayer model was tested to estimate the movement of students among the subgroups across three time points and 2 years of elementary school education. Three theoretically consistent latent subgroups were observed at each of the time points. Based on theory and past empirical research, the subgroups (presented from least to most adaptive) were labeled: Poor Quality, High Quantity, and Good Quality. Across the three measurements, an overall shift of students to higher quantity and quality motivational subgroups was observed. This study provides evidence that the low-stakes, high-interest approach currently undertaken may have the desired effect of improving students’ motivation to learn across 2 years of schooling. Implications for both practice and national policy are discussed.     

Predicting students’ intention to smoke by theory of planned behaviour variables and parental influences across school grade levels

Differences were examined in Theory of Planned Behaviour determinants of students’ intention to smoke including parents’ attitudes towards smoking and parents’ current cigarette use among Greek students of different school grade levels. Students (N?=?763) aged 10–18 years reported their attitudes towards smoking, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, self-identity and intention to smoke while their parents (N?=?525) reported their attitudes towards smoking and their current cigarette use. All the TPB variables increased from lower to higher school grade level. Multi-sample path analyses showed that parent's attitudes towards smoking positively predicted students’ intention to smoke only for elementary school children. Parents’ current cigarette use did not contribute significantly. Students’ attitudes, perceived behavioural control and self-identity predicted systematically intention to smoke in contrast to the subjective norm that did not contribute at all. Perceived behavioural control contributed to a higher degree in intention to smoke for senior high school students compared to the junior high school and elementary students. Self-identity contributed to a higher degree in intention to smoke for elementary compared to the junior high school students. The results of this study suggests that the determinants of smoking vary between early and late adolescence.